聘用合同 EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT 聘用方: 受聘方: Employer: Employee: 受聘方(以下称为外籍教师)自愿来到深圳市**文化发展有限公司担任英语教师。聘用方和外籍教师本着友好合作的精神，同意签定合同并保证认真履行合同中约定的各项义务。 The Employee (hereafter referred to as “Foreign Teacher”) willingly comes to Shenzhen to be a teacher at ** Education. The Employer and the Foreign Teacher, in a spirit of friendly cooperation, agree to sign this contract and pledge to all the obligations stipulated in it. 一、外籍教师职责 Foreign Teacher’s Duties and Responsibilities 1.合同期间，外籍教师需遵守公司的工作时间与公司规定，并且不允许在合同期内辞职。 The Foreign Teacher should comply with the schedule and regulations of ** Education, and he/she must not resign during the contract term. 2. 外籍教师必须提供真实有效的身份证件，如因证件原因产生的后果自行负责。 The Foreign Teacher must provide the real ID certificates, and be responsible for the consequences caused by the fake certificates. 3. 外籍教师应使用聘用方提供的教学材料，制定合适的教学计划，保证教学质量。 The Foreign Teacher will use the teaching materials provided by the Employer and will develop an appropriate teaching plan. The Foreign Teacher should apply this teaching plan to ensure the delivery of high-quality lessons. 4. 外籍教师主要的工作内容： The Foreign Teacher’s main working contents : 讲授语音课与口语课。 To teach Oral English Lesson. 担任口语大赛的评委。 To be a judge in the Oral English Competition. 组织备课和与家长学生互动活动。 To prepare lessons before class and organize interaction activities with parents and students. 若教学时间有变动，应服从聘用方的安排，不得有异议。 If the schedule of the classes is changed, the Foreign Teacher should obey the employer’s arrangement with no objection. 工作时间： 年 月 日 至 年 月 日，周一到周六，每天6-8课时。 Working time： from Monday to Saturday, from to , with 6 – 8 classes per day. 5. 外籍教师同意在**文化发展有限公司三个分校任教（雁盟分校、桃源居分校、福永分校）。 The Foreign Teacher will teach in the three branch schools of ** Education which are Yanmeng branch, Taoyuanju branch and Fuyong branch. 6. 外籍教师在上课时间不得迟到，若迟到5分钟以上，每次罚款50元。 The Foreign Teacher must not be late for school. If he/she is late for school over 5 minutes each time, it will be a penalty of 50RMB each time. 二、聘用方职责 Employer’s Duties and Responsibilities 1. 聘用方将对外籍教师的工作进行指导和评价。 The Employer will provide guidance and evaluation of the Foreign Teacher’s work. 2. 聘用方将安排一位中教协助外籍教师授课。 A Chinese teacher will be arranged to assist the Foreign Teacher in teaching.

Booking Note QUANTITY AND QUALITY 5000 wet metric tons +/-10% in Seller’s option expected to assay approximately as follows: Element Assay CIQ Rejection Level      Cu % 22 - 30   Pb % < 6 6  Zn % 5 – 10   Au g/t 0.5 - 2   Ag g/t 300 - 600   S % 28 - 33   As % 0.2 - 0.5 

Contract Party A: Party B: According to the Contract Law of People’s Republic of China as well as other relevant laws and regulations, through friendly negotiation, Party A and Party B entrusted to undertake design, and reached the following agreement: Commitment Party A entrusted Party B ______________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________. Draft design period ___ working days Design Fee Total design fee: RMB Payment: Party A should pay 60% of total designing fee once signing the contract, i.e RMB. After confirming the designing schedule and style, and when in need of adjusting on electric designs, Party A should pay 30% of total design fee, i.e RMB After fixing the complete designing schedule, Party A should pay the balance of the design fee, i.e RMB, Party B should hand over the printing CD after receiving the balance of payment. Period and means of delivery of the design plan. Party B must complete the draft of design within the time agreed by the two parties. If party B can not complete on time due to reduplicative changes from Party A, the delivery time can be put off. To ensure the smooth cooperation, Party A must confirm or make suggestion within three working days after receipt of the design from Party B, Party B should not exceed five working days to feedback the suggestion. Party A should supply the necessary designing information within 20 working days after signing of the contract. As Party A (not supply complete information and so on) make the design delayed, if delayed time more than three months (subject to the date of contract), Party A should pay the balance design fee, Party B will carry on making the design. If more than six months, this contract will automatically be terminated. Party B will supply the original CD. If Party A still need Party B to make the design, Party A should pay anther palette and design fee. After the final confirmation of the design, Party B should supply the colored prints and electronic documents. Party A should bear the actual cost if needs the printing sample. Intellectual Property. Before Party A pay off all the design fee, Party B own the copyright, Party A can not use this design, and have no any right of this works. Party A have the right to sign the Copyright Transfer Contract, to have the proprietary rights, rights of use and alterations after paying off the payment. Copyright of design not used by Party A still belongs to Party B, Party A do not have any right for this. After the final confirmation by Party A, if as the changes of Party A’s company name or commodity name to change the design plan or have all different idea with the original plan, it should be as new plan, and Party A should pay the balance fee, and sign new contract, Party B will make new design plan. After paying off, Party B can not alter the design and give any other company. Responsibility and authority Responsibility of Party A Party A should try their best to supply the information for this design. Once finding the mistake, oversight or disagreement with the contract, Party A should inform Party B in writing timely, and Party B should make amendment in time. Party A should abide by the payment terms in the contract. Party A should make the confirmation for all the documents and things that need confirmed timely. Party A have the right to give a suggestion for Party B’s design and make the works accords with the enterprise culture. Responsibility of Party B Party B must make the plan and creative design according to the requirement in the contract made by Party A, and make full use of specialized knowledge and experience, to supply first design and service to Party A. Party B should supply all the design documents, making sizes and designs of every period according to the all requirement of the contract and appendix, and complete the design. Party B should make the design according to the things that confirmed by Party A critically. Party B should make the design creation as the requirement of Party A and supply the satisfied works.

第一章 英文合同概述(General Introduction)In view of all this, we are making a binding agreement, putting it in writing, and our leaders, our Levites and our priests are affixing their seals to it.（Nehemiah BIBLE NIV）因这一切的事，我们立确实的约，写在册上。我们的首领，利未人，和祭司都签了名。【尼西米】《圣经》新国际版 合同，古称契约（港台现仍多用此语），“契”者即证券，证明买卖、抵押、租赁等关系的文书，如契据、房契等。古代典籍中常见此语，《易·系辞》就有“后时圣人易之以书契。”“约”者即共同商定的事,共同议定要遵守的条文，如和约、条约等。《三国演义》中就有“昔高祖约法三章,黎民皆感其德。”而西方在早在〈〈圣经〉〉中就有关于上帝在西乃山与以色列人立约的记载。挪亚方舟就是籍着上帝与挪亚的契约而建造的：But with thee will I establish my covenant; and thou shalt come into the ark, thou, and thy sons, and thy wife, and thy sons’ wives with thee. （但我要与你立约，你以及你的儿子、妻子和儿媳，要与你一同进入方舟。）第一节 合同与协议(Contract and Agreement)而在现代英语合同中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。那么Contract和Agreement是一回事吗？他们之间又有什么关系呢？《中华人民共和国民法通则》第85条规定：“合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议”（A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change or terminate their civil relationship）。《中华人民共和国合同法》第二条规定：“合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议”（Contracts referred to in this Law are agreements between equal natural persons, legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing, altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations）。美国法律整编合同法第二次汇编定义合同为：“合同乃为一个允诺或一组允诺。违反此一允诺时，法律给予救济；或其允诺之履行，法律在某些情况下视之为一项义务。”（A contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives a remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty.）（Restatement，Second, Contracts, Section 1）这一定义在Steven H. Gifts 编著的Law Dictionary被完全引述. 但一般而言，Contract，乃两个以上当事人间具有法律约束力之协议，或由一个以上当事人所为一组具有法律约束力之允诺。（A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties or a set of legal binding promises made by one party or more.(G. C. Lindsay, Contract, 3rd ed. 1992) 这一表述在L.B. Curzon编撰的Dictionary of Law中概括为“A legally binding agreement creating enforceable obligations.” Chris Turner在其编撰的Contract Law中定义的更为具体明了“A contract is an agreement between two parties by which both are bound in law and which can therefore be enforced in a court or other equivalent forum.”即合同就是对合同方具有法律上约束力，可由法院或其他同等管辖地强制执行的协议。而在Black’s Law Dictionary（Eighth Edition）对contract 的定义多达8项：1. An agreement two or more parties creating obligations that are enforceable or otherwise recognzable at law 2.The writing that set forth such an agreement.3.引述美国法律整编合同法第二次汇编“contract”的定义.4. Broadly, any legal duty or set of duties not imposed by the law of tort; esp., a duty created by a decree or declaration of a court. 5. The body of law dealing with agreement and exchange.6. The term of an agreement or any particular term. 7.Loosely, a sale or conveyance. 8. Loosely, an enforceable agreement between two or more parties to do or not to do a thing or a set of things; a compact.至于agreement，L.B. Curzon的Dictionary of Law定义为：“Ａ consensus of minds, or evidence of such consensus, in spoken or written form, relating to anything done or to be done.”是对已做和待做的有关事宜以口头或书面形式做出的相同意思表示或该意思表示的证据。而在Black’s Law Dictionary（Eighth Edition）给Agreement下了两个定义：一个是“A mutual understanding between two or more persons about their relative duites and obligations regarding past or future performances; a manifestation of mutual assent by two or more persons. ”即双方或多方就过去或将来的相关职责和义务的履行而达成相互的理解；双方或多方相互达成一致的表现形式。另一个是“The Parties’ acutal bargain as found in their language or by implication from other circumstances, including course of dealing, usage of trade and course of performance.”即当事人通过语言或其他情形暗示而确立的实际约定，包括交易常例、贸易习惯以及履行惯例。在ENGLISH-CHINISE BILINGUAL LAW DICTIONARY (2nd ed.)中对agreement作出了如下解释：document setting out the contractual terms agreed between two parties or contract between two parties where one party makes an offer, and the other party accepts it.协议，协定，合同（列出双方当事人同意和约定条件的文件）Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)到底能不能相互替换呢？让我们来看看英文合同相关书籍和词典的说法。Chris Turner在其Contract Law中是这样阐述合同的成立：“There are three key ingredients to formation(of contracts): agreement-based on mutuality over the terms, agreement exists when a valid acceptance follows a valid offer; consideration-given by both sides, the quid pro quo, and the proof that the bargain exists; intention to create legal relations-since a contract is legally enforceable, unlike mere gratuitous promises. 即合同成立的三个要件：协议（基于要约与承诺形成对条款的相互一致而存在）、约因（双方付出的对价及对价存在的证据）和设立法律关系的意愿。（合同具有法律上的执行力，不同于纯粹的无偿赠予的允诺）这里也是用agreement来解释contract的，认为contract（合同）是一种符合一定条件的agreement（协议）。在英语法律用语中虽然多用“agreement”来解释“contract”，其实也有偶用“contract”解释“agreement”的情形，如：Agreement,…(2) A contract (The Law Dictionary) 甚至有在同一句中交替使用的实例，如：If the contract contains an innocent mistake, you can get out of the agreement if the mistake is important. (What Should I Know About Contracts, The State Bar of California, 2 Edi. 1984), 还有更为明确的：Agreement. Synonym for Contract (Robert LeRoy & Kenneth A. Buths, Business Law and Taxes, “Glossary”, 1984)而在Black’s Law Dictionary对agreement的注释中也能看到“The term’agreement’ frequently as synymous with the word”contract”, is really an expression greater breath of meaning and less technicality. Every contract is an agreement,; but not every agreement is a contract. In its colloquial sense, the term ‘agreement’ would include any arrangement between two or more persons intended to affect their relations (whether legal or otherwise) to each other. An accepted invitation to dinner, for example, would be an agreement in this sense; but it would not be a contract, because it would neither be intended to create, nor would it in fact create, any legal obligation between the parties to it. Further, even an agreement which is intended to affect the obligations of the parties does not necessarily amount to a contract in the strict sense of the term. For instance, a conveyance of land or a gift of a chattel, though involving an agreement is … not a contract; because its primary legal operation is to effect a transfer of property, and not to create an obligation.” 2 Stephen’s Commmentaries on the laws of England 5 (L. Crispin Warmington ed., 21st ed. 1950).“An agreement, as the courts have said, ‘is nothing more than a mannefestation of mutual assent’ by two or more legally competent persons to one another’ by two or more legally competent persons to one another. Agreementis in some respects a broader term than contract, or even than bargain or promise. It covers excluded sales, gifts, and other transfers of property.” Samuel Williston, A Treaties on the Law of Contracts § at 6 (Walter H.E. Jaeger ed., 3d ed.1957).综上所述，我们不难看出，汉语的法律用语仅用协议来解释合同，而英语的法律用语往往不很严格，多用Agreement解释Contract, 但也有用Contract解释Agreement的情形, 虽说大多情况Contract与Agreement有所区别，有时候两者还可以作为同义词互换使用。可以说contract都是协议，但协议不一定就是Contract。但就广义的协议和合同来讲，还是有区别的：从成立的宗旨上看，协议十分宽泛不囿于为了当事人间形成法律或其他关系，即便是为影响当事人的义务也未必形成严格意义上的合同关系，如不动产转让或动产赠与。从内容、条款上看，合同较为具体、详尽，着眼于微观，而协议则较为原则、粗疏，致力于宏观。实践中往往合作方就某一项目达成协议对有关原则问题作出约定，然后在此基础上签订合同，再全面明确各项具体的细节。从涉及范围上看，合同的标的往往比较单一集中，也很明确；通常都是一事一议，就事论事，而协议的标的往往比较广泛；一项大型项目的协议往往包括或分解成若干个具体的合同。从书写格式上看，合同已基本格式化了，大家可以看到许多的合同范本；而协议的格式相对灵活一些，没有什么固定的格式。而狭义的协议和合同并无分别，只是用语上和习惯上的称呼而已。第二节 合同的种类与名称（Categories and Titles）一份英文法律文件, 到底是不是英文合同, 就要看它的内容是否符合合同的要求。一般而言合同不外乎包括人、事、时、地、物五大要素，也就是4W1H (Who, When, Where, What, How),如果你手上的文件内容包括了这五项要素而且签署生效，该文件就应该具有了合同的性质，而不论它是以何面目出现的。常见的英文合同名称可分为以下四大类：一、 合同、协议（Contract; Agreement）文件名称直接标明“Contract”或“Agreement”是最常见的英文合同。《中华人民共和国》第九章到第二十三章就合同种类作了概括，它们分别是买卖合同；供用电、水、气、热力合同；赠与合同；借款合同；租赁合同；融资租赁合同；承揽合同；建设工程合同；运输合同；技术合同；保管合同；仓储合同；委托合同；行纪合同；居间合同等十五大类。（Sales Contracts, Contracts for Supply of Power, Water, Gas or Heat, Donation Contracts, Loan Contracts, Leasing Contracts, Financial Leasing Contract, Work-for-hire Contracts, Construction Project Contracts, Carriage Contracts, Technology Contracts, Safe-keeping Contracts, Warehousing Contracts, Agency Appointment Contracts, Commission Agency Contracts, Brokerage Contracts）而常见的协议有委托代理协议（Agency Agreement）、合伙协议( Partnership Agreement、股份转让协议(Shares Assignment Agreement)、保密协议(Confidentiality Agreement)、竞业禁止协议(Non-compete Agreement)、聘用协议（Employment Agreement）等等。二、 意向书（Letter of Intent）文件名称如果标明“Letter of Intent”, “Memorandum of Understanding”(简称MOU, 通常翻译为谅解备忘录)，甚至只称为“Memorandum”（简称Memo，通常称之为备忘录）。另外，也有标明“Minute of Talks”(即会谈纪要)。这些法律文件往往是当事人双方在商洽合作中形成的，可以称之为准合同文件，虽然，从名称上看，它们似乎不是合同或者协议，但这些法律文件，如果经当事人签订，即具有一定的法律约束力。甚至，由于没有形成正式的合同或协议，而径直依据这些文件而进行实质的合作，使之具有合同或协议的性质。那就是说，合同的效力不能被其名称所拘束，如果上述的法律文件，其中完整明确地记载了交易的条款，当事人如果依据该条款内容履行，双方也能达成交易目的。那么这份法律文件就应当视为双方的合同或者协议。三、 契约（Covenant, Indenture, Deed, Compact，Protocol）英文合同还有一些约定俗成的名称。Covenant, 主要指不动产转让的合同或证明文件，英文合同如果基于传统英美法对价的存在，也会用到这个词, 表示双方达成的契约。如：In consideration of mutual premises and covenants herein contained, the parties hereto agree as follows: Indenture通常也是指不动产转让的契约文件，Deed一般指地契、房契，Compact多用于国家间的协定、协议。Protocol, 通常翻译为草约或者议定书，往往也是双方会谈结果的文字依据。经双方签字后，即受其约束，对草约内容承担法律责任，如果需要补充、修改、完善，双方还会签订补充的协议。四、 其他书函（Letter; Waiver; Guaranty; Power of Attorney）英文合同有时候非常简短，形式上就像信函一样，姑且称之为书函类的英文合同，常常用"Letter"（函），"Waiver"（弃权书），"Guaranty"（保证书），"Power of Attorney"（委托书）等简单明确的字眼作为合同的名称。相对于"Agreement"或"Contract"类的合同，书函类的合同一般具有补充或附属的性质，而且经常出现在“Agreement”或“Contract”类合同的附件中。当然书函类的合同对双方当事人也有完全的拘束力。例如：甲公司向乙银行贷款，由丙公司做担保人，通常甲公司与乙银行会签署一份总协议（General Agreement），做为双方往来的主要依据，再由丙公司签署一份保证书（Guaranty）给乙银行，而乙银行每次拨款时，会发出一份授信书（Credit Letter或Facility Letter）给甲公司，授信书上会载明授信额度，作为甲公司申请拨款的依据。由本例中三份合同可以看出，General Agreement系授信的主要依据，甲公司和丙银行间的权利义务关系主要由General Agreement来规范，而Guaranty及Credit Letter均为附属在General Agreement架构下的小合同。丙公司因签署了Guaranty，因此对乙银行负有保证义务，乙银行因为签署了Credit Letter，因此对甲公司就发生了拨款的义务。本书撰写的方式，是针对名称为"Agreement（狭义）"或"Contract"类型的合同文件做阅读方法的说明，其原因即在于此类文件的合同结构复杂而内容完整，读者若能掌握阅读此类合同的要领，阅读其它类型的英文合同时自然就“No Problem”没问题了。

第五章 英文合同常见实词(Content Words) 1． Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee在英文合同中这几个词都表示“保证”的含义。Represent 往往和warrant连用，出现在合同的声明保证部分：例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易磋商，且保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其免受损害。例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.乙方保证机器设备未经使用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。2.Principal place of business (principal office), domicile, business premise, registered office在英文合同中，这几个词的意思分别是：“主营业地”、“住所地”、“营业场所”、“注册地”。往往出现在前言的“parties”部分。例如：This Contract made on April 1, 19- -, at ______, China, between ABC Co. with its principal office at ______, China (hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co. with its principal office at______, USA (hereinafter called Party B).本合同于19**年4月1日于中国***签订，合同双方为ABC公司（以下简称甲方），其主营业地位于中国***，和XYZ公司（以下简称乙方），其主营业地为美国***。例如：If franchisee is declared in default of the agreement, the franchiser has the right to conclude the terms of the agreement and also has the right, without notice to execute any dutiful and authorized acts, on the business premise necessary.如被特许方承认违约，许可方则有权终止该协议且有权未经通知在必要的营业场所采取任何尽责和授权行为。例如：EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________ (month), ____ (year), by and between: _______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Employee"), an individual, with nationality of _________ (Passport No._____) residing at ________________.本聘用协议订立于*年*月*日，协议双方为***（以下本公司），其按*州法律组织设立，注册地为***，和***，自然人，国籍为*国，护照号码为***，住址为***。例如： The Arbitration shall be conducted in the country of the domicile of the defendant. 本仲裁应在被申请人住所地的国家进行。3． Chapter, article, section, clause, paragraph, subparagraph英文合同中的“章”、“条”、“款”、“项” 分别用chapter, article/section/clause, paragraph, subparagraph表示。来源：(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_516690e9010091l0.html) - 英文合同解读（六）_kevin_新浪博客 例如：The Borrower further irrevocably consents to service of process upon it out of said courts in any such action or proceeding by mailing copies thereof by United Stated registered air mail, postage prepaid, to the Borrower at the address specified in Section 10. 5 hereof.借款人进一步不可撤消同意上述法院就该事宜诉讼或程序的送达，接受按照本合同第十条第五款指定的借款人地址寄来的美国航空挂号信，邮资已付邮件中的副本。4.Have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be (duly) authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do这一组短语是都表示“有权做”。Be entitled to表示to give sb. the right to sth.(to sth.)体现该权利法律上的强制性。Reserve the right to do表示to have a specified power of right in law体现法律上规定的权利。而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指经授权而有的权利，至于do sth. at one’s option or/and discretion则指行为人自主决定的权利。例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer’s right to claim compensations.尽管如此，买方有权撤消合同的全部或部分，概不妨碍买方索赔权之行使。例如：In circumstance provided above in Clause 14.1 C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to B all or part of C or New Company’s proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of C’s own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.在上述第十四条第一款规定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行选择决断有权向乙方转让丙方或新公司的所有权及在建或竣工后基础设施的所有权的全部或部分作为约定的固定数额的违约金来替代计算赔偿实际损害，但该转让应为丙方自己自愿实施的行为或根据二十三条的规定基于仲裁裁决的处分。又如：The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。再如：The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.甲方任命的监管人员及其代表应有权监督工程进度并发出指令。5．Perform, fulfill, execute, implement英文合同表示合同履行时经常用到这几个词，perform表示to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract泛指双方履行合同的各项责任和义务，而fulfill表示to do everything which is promised in a contract强调合同一方具体履行合同的义务。Execute implement表示则强调具体实施，execute也有签约、生效的用法。例如：With respect to the outstanding 180 M/T of low-density polyethylene NY2-11 under Contract No. 79hp-106, we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract. We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc., who purchased LDPE NY2-11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quality.有关第79hp-106号合同项下180公吨的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款项，我方坚持要求贵方尽快开立信用证以保证合同的履行。我方在此提请贵方注意该事实，同时从我公司购买低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已经按先前的合同履行完义务，不久后，我方就提供了调整的价格并签订了一份产品品质优良的新合同。例如：Each of the parties to this Agreement shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the transactions contemplated hereby and to fulfill and cause to be fulfilled the conditions to Closing under this Agreement including, without limitation, Parent using reasonable best efforts to obtain the Parent Stockholder Approval at the meeting of Parent’s stockholders scheduled to be held on June 25, 1999 or at any adjournment or postponement thereof (the "June 25 Meeting"). Each party hereto, at the reasonable request of another party hereto, shall execute and deliver such other instruments and do and perform such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable for effecting completely the consummation of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.合同任一方应竭尽全力来完成在此预期的交易并按本协议履行或促使交易的成交条件的履行。包括但不限于母公司尽力按日程在1999年6月25日召开的母公司股东会或该日期延后或休会期间通过母公司股东批准。本合同一方应在他方合理的要求下，应签署并交付其他文件并切实履行本协议和预期交易完全成就所必需或需要的行为和事宜。例如：All disputes arising in connection with this contract or in the execution thereof, should be settled amicably through negotiations.所有与合同或合同履行有关的争议，应通过友好协商解决。例如：All expenses of keeping the books and records of the Company and the preparation of financial statements required to implement the provisions of this Agreement or otherwise needed for the conduct of the Company’s business shall be borne by the Company.所有履行本协议规定所要求的或其他本公司经营所需要的保存本公司账册记录和准备财务报表的费用由本公司承担。6．Abide by, observe, obey, comply with这几个词在英文合同中都表示“遵守，服从，”的意思。Comply with的主语通常是Sth.而observe和abide by则的主语通常是Sb.例如：The delivered equipment shall be installed and tested by Party B and shall fully comply with the technical requirements and processing quality of the contract.所交付的设备应由乙方安装调试，应完全符合本合同的技术要求和工艺质量。例如：The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work.承包人必须遵守和服从与该工程有关的一切适用法律规章和条例。7. have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do,be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for,在英文合同中这一组短语都表达“有责任、有义务”。Shall do sth.在第二章英文合同特点时，已经述及，在此不再赘述。其他短语的用法，参看下例：例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.本公司没有完全或随附的任何法律义务向任何他人出售公司资产的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有权权益，或实现本公司或任一子公司的并购、合并或其他的重组或签订有关以上事项的协议。例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing. RCII公司没有任何书面或口头上的法律义务来做以上的任何一项。例3：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the Seller is obliged/obligatedto take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.在危险或有毒货物的情况下，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage.在买方通知的时限内，抵达装运港后，卖方应对买方承担全部责任并对诸如空仓费、延滞费等所有损失和费用负责。The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.卖方对因任何不可抗力事件导致本买卖合同项下整批或部分货物未能交付或延误概不承担责任。8. effect在基础英语中，effect一般作名词，指效果、影响，英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效，sth. in effect表示生效的法律文件。除了这些基本用法外，effect还常用作动词表示“实现”、“完成”的意思。例如：This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties.本合同从双方签字之日起生效。The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.汇票一经承兑交单，买方应在汇票到期时完成支付。此外，当表达实际上，事实上的含义时，英文合同常用in effect, 而不是in fact.9．Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式几份。Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有双重双份的意思，也常见in duplicate的用法，与此类似的还有in triplicate（一式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate （一式六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate （一式八份），in nonuplicate （一式九份），in decuplicate （一式十份）等等。例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts. Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。每一副本应视为一份原件，所有副本一起应构成唯一同一文件。10．Incur英文合同中incur指“招致，引起”，相当于基础英语中的cause。通常以过去分词incurred形式出现。例如：In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.如果她的年龄超过15岁，则由买方承担因此产生的平均保险费以外的费用。例如：No costs incurred in the manufacture, sale, distribution or exploitation of the articles shall be deducted from any royalty payable by Licensee.产品的生产、销售、分销或开发引起的花费不得从被许可方的使用费中扣除。11．To-wit作为法律专用语，to-wit的意思为“即”，相当于基础英语中的“that is to say（i.e.）”。例如：WITNESSETH: That for and in consideration of the sum of One Million Eleven Thousand One Hundred Fifty Dollars ($1,011,150.00) cash in hand paid by the party of the second part to the party of the first part and other good andvaluable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which are hereby acknowledged, the said party of the first part does hereby bargain, sell, grant and convey, in fee simple, with general warranty of title, unto the party of the second part, the following, to-wit:兹证明（通常省略不译）：兹以乙方支付甲方的一百零一万一千一百五十美元现金和其他为约因，特此确认充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、转让***，对所有权向乙方作一般保证如下，即：12．Sanction, approval, examination英文合同表示审批、批准时，常常使用这几个词，sanction尤其专用于合同。

第四章 英语合同的常用句型(Sentence Patterns) 一、in the event that(短语为in the event of), in case(短语为in case of), providing(that), provided(that), on the conditions that, if(if and whenever), where, in so far as(insofar as), should, suppose/supposing（that）在英文合同中，以上这些词常用来引导条件从句表示“如果、假如”等情形，至于基础英语中常用的“as long as”在英文合同非常鲜见。如：In the event that the Contract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit (or Letter of Guarantee) the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.如果在信用证（或保函）开出后，合同总价或合同其他条款发生变化，业主应尽快安排对信用证（或保函）进行相应的修改。如：In case part of or all know-how of the above-mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.如上述专有技术的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的证据，则甲方不再承担保密义务。如：15% of the above contract price, e.g. US $ 21, 000. 00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract:甲方从乙方处收到以下技术资料和文件后30天内应信汇乙方上述合同总价的百分之十五，也就是两万一千美元，但该技术资料和文件应符合本合同要求。如：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s) it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party.任何一方可随时更换自己委派的董事长、副董事长或董事，但必须书面通知合资公司和合资的另一方。需要注意的是，provided that通常语气上有转折的含义，不宜翻译为“假如，如果”，译为“但是”，则译文过渡自然，符合汉语表达的规范。Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果卖方并非因本合同第18条规定的不可抗力事件而未按合同规定的期限交货，那么，只要卖方同意支付罚金，并由付款行从议付款中扣除，买方便同意卖方延期交货。句中出现两处条件从句，should引导的从句属于非真实条件句，即虚拟语气，表示该条件发生的可能性很小，也就是说是当事人不希望出现的不利情况。而on condition that引导的条件从句，往往表示只要某情况出现，就如何如何。Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of the __ ordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.即使买卖公司*股普通股已经结束，只要该行为尚未履行完毕，本协议条款对双方仍然完全有效。In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.如果被许可方需要的工艺品涉及本许可将履行的标的，则该工艺品的费用和生产该工艺品的时耗应由被许可方承担。As an example, suppose that Stamps.com has a partnership agreement with a company called "Internet Marketing". In this example, "Partner Name" would be "InternetMarketing".试举一例，如果Stamp.com公司与一家名叫Internet Marketing的公司有一合伙协议。本例中，该“合伙名称就是“InternetMaketing”。If and whenever the attorney at law designated by Party B comes to work with Party A, Party A shall offer all sufficient and necessary facilities, arrange the said legal counsel with an office, appoint a company officer to assist legal counsel with his function, provide relevant information and writ and print legal draft for such legal counsel.乙方律师到甲方工作时，甲方应充分给予安排，安排法律顾问办公场所，选派干部协助律师工作，提供有关情况，缮写打印稿件等。相关链接：in no case, in no event, in the case of，in any case等。in no case和in no event表示“决不”即无论怎样都不行。例如：Vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the Buyer.船龄超过20年的买方概不接受。In the case of 就什么来说，关于，in any case 无论如何例如：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo (es), the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.关于危险或有毒货物，卖方有义务照管确保其属性安全且应在每一包装上标注通常采用的标识。

第三章、英文合同常用虚词（Usual Function Words）1． Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词基本规则：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/which or whatl Hereby: by means of; by reason of this.特此，由此，兹等意。例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下：l Herein：in this。此中，于此。例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A. 在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。l Hereinafter: later in the same Contract. 以下，在下文。通常与 to be referred to as, referred as, called 连用。例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______, (date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A) on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B) on the other hand. 本协议书于____年___月___日由_____（以下简称甲方）为一方，与_____(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。l Hereof：of this。关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this. 本文件规定。例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。l Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 与之，向那里。例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto. “特许产品”系指在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。l Herewith：with this.与此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，从而例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。l Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period o two years thereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。l Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect.在那里；在那点上；在那方面。例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。l Therewith：with that.以此；此外。例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from the same and against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。l Whereby: by the agreement; by the following terms and conditions, etc. 凭此协议，凭此条款等。例句：This Agreement is made and concluded by and between AA Corporation (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and BB Company (hereinafter referred to as Party B) whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation trade under the terms and conditions set forth below: 本协议由AA公司（以下简称甲方）和BB公司（以下简称乙方）签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸易。（本句中省略未译）2．WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS, Know All Men by these presents，In witness Whereof, In Testimony Whereof, Undersigned.WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore用于英文合同前言部分，In witness Whereof用于合同结尾证明部分，在第二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。l In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof.以此为证，特立此证。例句：In Testimony Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on _____ (date) accepted on _____ (date).我方于__年__月__日签署本文件，并于__年__月__日接受该文件，特此为证。l NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS: 兹特立约为据, 本句话也是用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项。例句：NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下：l KNOW ALL MEN by these presents:根据本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言部分）例句：KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s name)having our registered office at ______ (hereinafter called “the Bank”) will be bound unto _____(the Owner’s name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”) in the sum of ____ for payment well and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，（银行名称），其注册地点在（以下简称本银行）向（业主名称）（以下简称本业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本保证书对本银行及其继受人和受让人均具有约束力。l Undersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者,前面加定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称。例句：The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。3． Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite. 即使，尽管。例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing. 尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。4． As合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型的自由人。在某种意义上讲，as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例：l As 放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为“依照某某规定”。例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof. 基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。l 另有Except as otherwise provided结构，表示“除非本文/某条款另有规定”。例句：Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出则发出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。来源：(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_516690e9010091ky.html) - 英文合同解读（五）_kevin_新浪博客 l As构成as the case may be（视具体情况而定）， as the case may require（视具体要求而定）和 as the Venturers may determine等短语。例句：The Venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venturers may determine.该合资公司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。l As构成as of the date of ____ (date) 短语是英语合同中表示“自某年某月某日起”最正式的表达。例句：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written. 合同双方签订本文件，该文件自以上书就日期即时生效，特此为证。l As还用在as soon as practical短语中，意义用法相当于as soon as possible.例句：During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter. 本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽早的时间向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。As与 such连用是英文合同中一大特色，参看本书第二章第三节部分，在此不在赘述。5. foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in questionl Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族，一般放在名词前作限定，意为“前述的”或“上述的”，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in ____________. Both language versions are equally authentic. In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。l In question: under consideration; being talk about.通常表示“在考虑或讨论中的”某件事或某个问题，可译为“这”或“该”问题。例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。6. follows, as below, the following这一族都表示“下列”，一般放在动词后，而the following作为“下列”在英文合同中用的较少。这样的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每个英文合同都少不了的。NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows;为此，双方达成契约，约定如下：NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as below.为此，双方约定如下：Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows:兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下： 7. according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with这一族都表示“依照，根据”合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式，自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最为常见。例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract.该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract.合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。8. Including but not limited to与including, without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation英文合同表达“包括但不限于”时，就会用到这几个短语。例如：The time for the performance of the Seller’s obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller’s reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.本合同规定卖方履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的期间。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和卖方无论怎样也无法合理控制的阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履行的其他风险和情形。9. prior to, no later than, on or before，on and afterprior to, on or before，no later than, on or after常用在英文合同中限定日期，prior to表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。on or before, no(not) later than,表示“不迟于”，On and after表示“从某日起”。例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20. 自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e. on or before May 1.我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。例如： Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e. not later than December.本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。例如：10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用inclusive、including和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。例如： This credit expires till January1 (inclusive) for negotiation in Beijing. (or:This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.) 本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在内，则为till and not including January 1。10．Without prejudice toWithout prejudice to,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不损害某规定/情况下”。例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer’s right to claim compensations.不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。11．Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, in view of, because of, on account of，considering, in consideration of这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示“因为”，其中due to，owing to，because of较不正式，很少使用。

第二章 英文合同的特色（Features of English Contracts）Form follows function.--motto of the Bauhaus school of architecture形式服从功能--鲍豪斯建筑学院校训与基础英语相比，作为专业性极强的语言，英文合同的用语不同于日常语言，具有显著的特点。首先，句子冗长而且复杂、似乎总也找不到句号，用词偏僻，晦涩难读，不易理解。其次，英文合同中往往沿用拉丁语，法律术语，跟中文的文言文似的，着实是佶屈聱牙，令人痛苦不堪。再次，由于属于专业英语的范畴，英语合同必然涉及法律方面理解，阅读者除了语言本身的能力外，对于法律也应具备一定的素质。这是所有专业英语的共性，就是需相应的专业知识，这方面本文恕不多言。下面就是Plain English Campaign（直白英语运动）组织所遇到的最长的英文合同的句子，有兴趣的读者不妨看看到底是什么意思：In the event that the Purchaser defaults in the payment of any installment of purchase price, taxes, insurance, interest, or the annual charge described elsewhere herein, or shall default in the performance of any other obligations set forth in this Contract, the Seller may: at his option: (a) Declare immediately due and payable the entire unpaid balance of purchase price, with accrued interest, taxes, and annual charge, and demand full payment thereof, and enforce conveyance of the land by termination of the contract or according to the terms hereof, in which case the Purchaser shall also be liable to the Seller for reasonable attorney’s fees for services rendered by any attorney on behalf of the Seller, or (b) sell said land and premises or any part thereof at public auction, in such manner, at such time and place, upon such terms and conditions, and upon such public notice as the Seller may deem best for the interest of all concerned, consisting of advertisement in a newspaper of general circulation in the county or city in which the security property is located at least once a week for Three (3) successive weeks or for such period as applicable law may require and, in case of default of any purchaser, to re-sell with such postponement of sale or resale and upon such public notice thereof as the Seller may determine, and upon compliance by the Purchaser with the terms of sale, and upon judicial approval as may be required by law, convey said land and premises in fee simple to and at the cost of the Purchaser, who shall not be liable to see to the application of the purchase money; and from the proceeds of the sale: First to pay all proper costs and charges, including but not limited to court costs, advertising expenses, auctioneer’s allowance, the expenses, if any required to correct any irregularity in the title, premium for Seller’s bond, auditor’s fee, attorney’s fee, and all other expenses of sale occurred in and about the protection and execution of this contract, and all moneys advanced for taxes, assessments, insurance, and with interest thereon as provided herein, and all taxes due upon said land and premises at time of sale, and to retain as compensation a commission of five percent (5%) on the amount of said sale or sales; SECOND, to pay the whole amount then remaining unpaid of the principal of said contract, and interest thereon to date of payment, whether the same shall be due or not, it being understood and agreed that upon such sale before maturity of the contract the balance thereof shall be immediately due and payable; THIRD, to pay liens of record against the security property according to their priority of lien and to the extent that funds remaining in the hands of the Seller are available; and LAST, to pay the remainder of said proceeds, if any, to the vendor, his heirs, personals representatives, successors or assigns upon the delivery and surrender to the vendee of possession of the land and premises, less costs and excess of obtaining possession.因此，国外，特别是美国要求法律文件的格式和语言应当现代化的呼声愈来愈强烈。Robert E. Swindle早在美国1980年出版的The Business Communicator一书中就写到：" ... legal and quasilegal documents can and are being written in everyday language. Several leading companies are rewriting their legal forms voluntarily, and the State of New York recently passed a law requiring that businesses write consumer contracts in nontechnical language. Additionally, the President of the United States has directed all administrative agencies to write future regulations in what he termed plain English for a change." (大意是说法律和准法律性文件能用日常语言书就，而且人们也正在这样做。几家大公司自愿重新起草他们的法律文书，纽约州最近也通过一项法律，要求商业企业用非术语草拟消费者合同。另外，美国总统下令所有行政机构在出台将来的规定时要用他所称的直白英语进行变革。)而在英国也有一个成立了25年的Plain English Campaign（直白英语运动）组织致力于各种公文的直白英语化，而反对各种官样文章（gobbledygook）。1999年英国颁布实施的消费者不公平术语法（Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations）也要求消费者合同的术语必须用直白明了的语言（plain and intelligible language）,该法也要求这些术语必须是易读的，意味着要用清晰的设计和排印（clear design and typography）。类似的法律也在欧盟的国家适用。但 Law Dictionary的作者Steven H. Gifts在该字典的前言中感叹到“…the special language of the law remains a barrier to nonlawyers. To the extent that this promotes the economic health of the profession, maintains its aura, and prevent unauthorized practice of the law, it may be regarded as a virtue.”大意是说，法律专业语言对律师以外的人士来讲，仍然是一道壁垒。从促进行业经济的健康发展，保留行业特点和防止未经授权进行律师执业等方面考虑，可以把这种语言壁垒看作是一种行业优势。作为非英美法系的非英语国家，面对加入WTO，全球经济一体化的严峻挑战，我们应该怎样应对纷繁复杂的英文法律文件和语言呢？尽管Plain English（直白）似乎是大势所趋，但万事都有个渐变的过程，长年累月沉淀下来的习惯不是一下就能改变的。拿来主义某种意义上，是必须的，所以我们首先还是应该先通晓传统的英语合同格式和用语，在精通的基础上，才能谈得上根据实际情况进行进一步的格式和用语方面的改革，取其精华，去其糟粕，当然，这需要一个漫长的过程。以下就针对英文合同的特色分别从篇章结构、用词、句式结构以及时态四大方面进行说明。第一节 篇章结构特点（Text Structure）一份完整的英文合同通常可以分为标题（Title）、前言(Preamble)、正文(Habendum)、附录(Schedule)及证明部分即结尾词(Attestation)五大部分。「标题」在开宗明义地显示合同的性质；「前言」是用最简单的说明，大略介绍合同订立的背景；「正文」里包括依各种合同性质的不同而约定的具体条款，包括不论何种类型合同都会出现的一般条款；[附录]构成对前述合同正文条款作必要的补充。（不是所有合同都有该部分）最后「结尾」则是当事人签名前的一段文字，为整份合同画上完满的句号。以下分别就此五部分进行说明。一、合同的标题（Title）英文合同和中文合同都一样，标题并不是一定要有的，因为当事人间的法律关系是用合同内容的各个条款来判断，标题基本上不会产生任何影响。但为方便辨识的考虑，合同撰写人通常都会依照合同性质，在合同首页的最上方给予一个适当的标题。在第一章的英文合同名称中已有介绍，在此不再赘述，仅补充Confirmation(确认书)，Order(定单)经常也会出现在简易的合同中。二、合同的前言(Preamble)英文合同在标题之后，各式各样的条款出现之前，通常会先有一段「前言」，也称序言、导言、总则等, 也见有称为“Non-operative part”者。前言一般不会占去太多的篇幅，目的在于很简略地介绍合同内容之人、事、时、地、物等背景，让阅读合同的人在接触冗长复杂的正文前，先有一个基础的认识与心理准备。详细来说，前言通常又分作以下两个段落：第一部份文字叫做 "Parties" ，也就是合同的「开场白」(Commencement)，内容在说明当事人姓名或名称、国籍或注册地国及住所地或主营业地、订约日期包括各自在合同中的简称等等。EMPLOYMENT CONTRACT (SALES)EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________ (month), ____ (year), by and between: _______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Company"), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______ (hereinafter referred to as the "Employee"), an individual, with nationality of _________ (Passport No._____) residing at _____________. 本聘用协议于___年_月_日签订，双方当事人为：依_州法律组织设立的________公司 (以下简称本公司) ， 主营业地为_______，与___国籍的____ (护照号码: _____)(以下简称雇员), 居住于_________________。& by and between要表示合同是由哪些当事人所订定，英文中通常会说"This Agreement is made by and between..."，用"by"来表示合同「由谁订定」，"between"来表示「谁与谁之间的订立」。如果当事人不只两个，也可以用"by and among"来代替。& organized and existing合同开场白里要说明当事人的国籍，在自然人的情况下可以用"a national of ..."或"an individual with the nationality of ..."来表示，如果是法人组织多半使用"organized and existing under the laws of ..."这样的字眼，其中"organized"也可以用"incorporated"来代替。& registered office"registered office"是指一个公司的「注册所在地」，它和"principal office" 或“ principal place of business”即「主营业地」并不一定位于同一个地方。第二部份叫做"Recitals"，是由数个以"Whereas"字样开头的句子所组合而成（这些句子俗称为"Whereas Clauses" 即鉴于条款）。 "Whereas"的本义是"When in fact"、"considering that"、或"that being the case"的意思，所以"Whereas Clauses"就表示当事人乃是在基于对这些事实（例如订约的目的、背景、原由等）的共同认识，订立此合同。以下是一个补偿贸易合同（Compensation Trade Contract）的Whereas Clauses，很简单明了地表达了双方合作的意愿。WITNESSETHWhereas Party B has machines and equipment, which are now used in Party B’s manufacturing of steel wire rope, and is willing to sell to Party A the machines and equipment; andWhereas Party B agrees to buy the products, steel wire rope, made by Party A using the machines and equipment Party B supplies, in compensation of the price of the machines and equipment, and Whereas Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the machines and equipment, andWhereas Party A agrees to sell to Party B the products, the steel wire rope, in compensation of the price of Party B’s machines and equipment;兹证明(通常不译)鉴于乙方拥有用于生产钢丝绳的机械设备，愿向甲方出售该机械设备；鉴于乙方同意购买甲方用乙方所供应的该机械设备生产的产品，钢丝绳来补偿该机械设备的价款；鉴于甲方同意从乙方购买该机械设备；鉴于甲方同意向乙方出售产品钢丝绳以补偿乙方机械设备的价款；紧接在一串whereas clauses之后，会出现类似上例中的"Now Therefore, in consideration [对价/约因（港台多用此遇）] of……:"这样一句话，表明合同是有偿合同，目的在提醒阅读合同的人，真正规范订约当事人权利义务关系的条款在这句话之后就要开始了，也就是说，这句话是前言与正文之间过渡的桥梁，在此之前为订约背景事实的叙述，在此之后则为关于交易关系的实体约定（一般称为"operative part/clauses"）。例如：Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows:兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下：三、正文(Hanbendum/Operative part)正文(Hanbendum) 部分, 也称Operative part/clauses或Body, 具体约定当事人的权利义务。各式各样的正文条款是合同中最核心的部份，也是篇幅最大的部份，与当事人的权利义务关系发生最直接、最密切的牵连。本书拟将英文合同中的正文条款分为两类：「特殊条款」与「一般条款」。所谓「特殊条款」指的是只有在某些特定性质的合同中才会出现的条款，例如劳动合同中通常会约定保密条款、竞业禁止条款，但是买卖同就不会有这些约定。反过来说，买卖合同中一般要记载交易标的、交易条件等等条款，在劳动合同中就不会出现。相对于「特殊条款」的所谓「一般条款」，指的是不论合同性质如何，几乎所有的合同中都会记载的条款，例如管辖法院的约定、违约条款等等，将于第四章中详细介绍，在此亦不赘述。四、附录（Schedule）附录也称Addendum, Annex或Exhibit，也有用Attachment, List或Table表示的。附录部分作为对正文条款的补充，不是所有英文合同都有的一项。以下就是一份聘用协议的附录，对该公司聘用的经理职责作出补充说明：THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO1． To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company2． To attend personally during the usual hours of business and to supervise and control the business and to be accessible to customers and employees of the Company.3． To keep the usual books of account.4． To pay daily all money received in the business into the Company’s bank account.5． Generally to protect the interests of the Company.上文提及的附录是指：1． 管理，维持并促进公司的经营2．亲自参与公司的日常经营，监管经营，对本公司的客户和员工平易近人。3． 保管日常账册。4． 支付日常公司经营到帐的款项5． 广泛地保护公司的利益此外，即便是有这部分的英文合同，也经常因为附录的内容庞杂篇幅较长，如有关的图表或者其他法律文书，而放在合同的最后单独列明。下文就是单独列在合同后的附录的一个信用证：EXHIBIT B Letter of CreditXYZ BANK LIMLTED[Address]Credit Bank, N. A. International Banking FacilityLos Angeles, California 90000 U.S.A.Date:Letter of Credit No.:Gentlemen:We hereby establish this irrevocable letter of credit in your favor for account of ABC Company in the amount of U. S. $ _______ (amount in words), available against your draft(s) drawn at sight on Credit Bank, N.A., Letter of Credit Department, Los Angeles, California, accompanied by your signed and dated statement as follows:"The amount drawn under Letter of Credit No.[_________]dated[_______] issued by XYZ Bank Limited on behalf of ABC Company is payable to the undersigned pursuant to the terms of that certain Loan Agreement dated as of _________, 20 ___, between ABC Company and Credit Bank. N.A."All drafts drawn under this Letter of Credit must bear the clause "Drawn under XYZ Bank Limited Letter of Credit Number_____, dated_______, 20 ___.Partial drawings are permitted.We hereby engage with the drawers, endorsers and bona fide holders of drafts drawn under and in compliance with the terms of this Letter of Credit that the drafts will be duly honored if drawn and presented to the above drawn in Los Angeles, California, on or before [Expiry date 30 days after the final Installment Payment Date].This Letter of Credit is subject to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits (1983 Revision), International Chamber of Commerce, Publication No. 400.Special Instructions to Drawee BankIn reimbursement for any payment made by you hereunder, you may debit our account with you.XYZ BANK LIMITEDBY____________ (Authorized Signature)附件B：XYZ银行地址：北美信贷银行国际银行业务部美国加州洛杉玑日期：信用证号码：*先生我行在此开立，以ABC公司为受益人，总额为*美元的不可撤销信用证，凭交加州洛杉玑北美信贷银行信用证部开出的即期汇票付款。并附有贵行签署、具名日期的如下声明：由XYZ银行代表ABC公司*年*月*日开立的第*号信用证项下款项系根据ABC公司与北美信贷银行*年*月*日订立的某贷款协议条款规定，付与签字人。本证项下开具的汇票须注明“本汇票系凭XYZ银行……年……月……日第…号信用证下开具”的条款。允许部分提款。凡根据本证开具与本证条款相符的汇票，如按时开具提交我行，我行保证对出票人、背书人和善意持有人不迟于最后分期付款日后30天内承担付款责任。本信用证系根据国际商会第400号出版物跟单信用证统一惯例与实务（1983年版）缮制。付款行特别指令贵行本信用证项下所付款项，记入我行与贵行的借记帐户。XYZ银行授权签字五、证明部分（Attestation）英文合同结构中的最后一个部份就是结尾辞即证明部分与当事人的签名。所谓「结尾辞」指的是在当事人签名之前经常会出现一段文字，相当于中文合同中“双方签字盖章，特此为证”。除了表明签名人确实为正当授权的代表外，还会具明签名的日期。至于签名档的部份，如果当事人是公司的话，除了代表人的签名以外，还要加盖公司印鉴，并且通常会注明代表人的职务(title)。IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed by duly authorized representatives of both parties on the date and year first written above.___________________ ___________________By: By:Title: Title:本协议由被授权之人，于本协议上述所记载日期，代表双方当事人缔结生效之，特此为证。_________________ __________________代表人： 代表人：职务： 职务：& IN WITNESS WHEREOF这三个词是英文合同结尾辞的标准模式，实体上讲并没有什幺特别的功能或意义，与中文合同里最后通常会记载的「恐口说无凭，特立契为证」很类似，也有用IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF 替代，有时候也会用"INTENDING TO BE LEGALLY BOUND"代替，意思也是一样的。& duly authorized representatives当合同之当事人为法人组织时，必须推选出一位自然人作为法定代表人，例如公司的法定代表人通常会是董事长，代表公司对外签订合同，建立权利义务关系。除了董事长根据法律当然具备对外代表公司的权限之外，公司董事会也可以通过决议授权某一个董事、总经理、或其它重要职员作为公司签约的代表人，此时与公司签约的对方当事人为了确保这个代表人的确属于"duly authorized representative"，可以要求公司提供这个授权的董事会决议证明，以妥善保护自己的权益。下面就是一个董事会对采购员的授权决议：BOARD OF DIRECTORS’ RESOLUTIONDESIGNATING A PURCHASING AGENTPursuant to a duly made, seconded, and carried motion the Board of Directors of __________ _________________ (hereinafter referred to as Corporation) adopted the following resolution by a unanimous vote:RESOLVED, that ______________________ is hereby appointed Purchasing Agent of this Corporation with limited authority to make purchases in the Corporation’s name and behalf. Under no circumstances will the Purchasing Agent have real or apparent authority to make a purchase for the Corporation if the dollar amount of said purchase or the total dollar amount of an installment purchase will exceed the amount of __________ dollars ($___________).I The undersigned, _________________________, certifies that he or she is the duly appointed Secretary of _______________________ Corporation and that the above is a true and correct copy of a resolution duly adopted at a meeting of the directors thereof, convened and held in accordance with law and the Bylaws of said Corporation on _____________, (Date) and that such resolution is now in full force and effect.IN WITNESS THEREOF, I have affixed my name as Secretary of _____________________________________ Corporation and have attached the seal of ____________________________________ Corporation to this resolution.Dated: ______________________ ___________________________SecretarySeal:董事会决议：任命采购员：就已第二次提起到董事会的动议，本公司董事会全体一致通过如下决议：兹决议，本公司授权***为本公司采购员，以本公司名义代表本公司对外采买。但其单笔采购金额或分期购买的总额不得超过***美元。超过该数额该采购员概无真实或表见代理权。我，签字人，证明***，他/她是本公司正式任命的秘书，以上是本公司董事会决议的真实准确的副本，该决议系按法律和本公司章程在*年*月*日召开的董事会上正式通过，现完全有效。作为公司秘书我签字并盖公司印鉴于该决议，特此为证。日期：*年*月*日秘书：（签字）公司印鉴：（盖章）& the date and year first written above如果合同结尾辞里注明的日期和合同前言所载明的日期相同，就用这句话表示，如果不同的话，就应该另以条款明定合同生效日（Effective Date），以免产生争议。如下例：After this contract is signed by the duly authorized representatives of both parties, both parties shall submit the contract to their governments or Boards of Directors for approval. The date when the later party obtains the approval shall be taken as the effective date of the contract. Both parties shall attempt to get the contract approval within 60 days from signing and notify by telex or cable the other party of the approval which is confirmed by the following registered air-mail letter.本合同经双方正式授权代表签署后，应提交各自政府或董事会批准。以后一方获得批准日期为本合同生效日。双方应尽力在合同签署后60日内获得批准并以电传或电报形式通知该批准，随后以航空挂号邮件确认。 第二节 英文合同的用词特点（Wording）作为正式法律文件，英语合同在用词方面极其考究，要求选词专业（professional）,正式（formal）,准确（accuracy）。具体体现如下：1．专业性术语（Technical Terms/ Terminology）法律专业性术语是在合同等法律文件中才用到的词汇，它并不以一般受众为对象，而针对专业人士，力求使语言表达准确无误。中文合同中常见的诸如“瑕疵”（defect）、“救济”（remedy）、“不可抗力”（force Majeure）、“管辖”(jurisdiction)等专业用词就已经让非专业人士大惑不解了，英文合同的专业用词自然就更玄妙无比了。具体的实例如下：l Without prejudice to the parties’ rights under Clause 18. 1, the indemnities provided for in Clausel6. 1 and/or 16. 2 and/or 16. 3 shall be the sole compensation for the damages caused by such delays.不妨害18.1款双方的权利，16.1,16.2及16.3款规定的赔偿应为上述延误引起损害的唯一赔偿金。indemnities较compensation专业，此处用compensation解释了indemnities；l Any such assignment, transfer or conveyance shall be without other consideration than the mutual covenants and considerations of this agreement.任何转让除根据本协议相互契约和对价外不得考虑其他。Transfer，assignment和conveyance都有转让的含义，其中assignment和conveyance（多用于不动产）尤为专业。l We advise you of our intention to terminate our tenancy on or before ________________ (Date) and to deliver to you full possession of the premises。我方不迟于某日期通知你方终止租约并交还房屋全部所有。tenancy指房屋租赁的租约，而premises指租赁的房屋及其附属物都是专业用语。l Licensee agrees to pay to Licensor a minimum royalty of___________ Dollars ($______) as a minimum guarantee against royalties to be paid to Licensor during the first contract term, said minimum royalty to be paid on or before the last day of the initial term hereto. 受许可方同意支付许可方最低使用费*美元作为该许可合同第一期使用费的最低保证金，该最低使用费不迟于本合同的入门期最后一天支付给许可方。Royalties在许可合同中专指特许权使用费。l Price of the Contract shall be calculated on Royalty in accordance with the content and scope stipulated in Article 2 to the Contract and shall be paid in___________.按照第二条规定的内容和范围。本合同采用提成方式计算价格，计价的货币为＿＿＿。与上例不同的是，这里的royalty指的是许可合同计价方式的一种即提成计价(royalty price),相对于统包价格（lumpsum price）l Default in observing or performing any of the covenants or agreements of debtor set forth in any collateral document of security given to secure indebtedness hereunder, and the continuation of such default beyond any period of grace specified in any such document.借款人未能履行契约或附带的担保文件列明的协议，以及该违约的持续超过上述文件规定的宽限期。在借款合同中grace专指宽限期，而不是普通英语的其他意思。l Furthermore, the parties agree that the following situations shall be considered as exceptional circumstances which justify the earlier termination by the other party: bankruptcy, moratorium, receivership, liquidation or any kind of composition between the debtor and the creditors, or any circumstances which are likely to affect substantially one party’s ability to carry out his obligations under this contract。此外，双方同意以下条件应认为是对方合理提前终止合同的例外情形：破产、延付令、破产在管、清算或其他债权人和债务人任何形式的和解，或任何可能对一方履行合同项下义务能力造成实质影响的情形。此处的composition显然不是普通英语中“作文”的意思，而是指破产和解。l In addition, upon request of the Board and if the Liquidating Trustee determines that it would be imprudent to dispose of any non-cash assets of the Company, such assets may be distributed in kind to the Members in lieu of cash, proportionately to their right to receive cash distributions hereunder.另外，应董事会请求且如果清算托管人确定处理本公司非现金财产非明智之举，该财产可按各成员根据合同项下收取现金份额的权利以实物形式替代现金进行分配。In kind 此处与in cash 相对，通常用于合资、合伙协议中表示“以实物出资”，本句中是以实物分配清算。In lieu of 表示替代相当于基础英语中的instead of。l The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.买方须于销售确认书第三条所规定的日期之前开出本批交易的信用证。否则，售方有权不经通知取消本确认书，或接受买方对本销售确认书未履行的全部或一部分，或对因此遭受的损失提出索赔。Reserve为专用词汇，我们常见的“版权所有”英语表达就是All rights reserved。Rescind（取消合同/协议）和lodge（提出索赔，与claim(s)连用）也都是专业用语。l In case one party desires to sell or assign all or part of his investment subscribed, the other party shall have the preemptive right. 如一方欲出售或转让其所投资的部分或全部，另一方应有优先购买权。Assign（其名词形式assignment）和Preemptive属专业用语。2. 正式用语（Formal Terms）英文合同，习惯采用书面的形式，合同往往使用正式的书面用语，较少使用口头用语，以显示合同正规、严肃。具体实例如下：l At the request of Party B, Party A agrees to send technicians to assist Party B to install the equipment.应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。 assist 较 help 正式；l The personnel shall not to partake in any political activities in Iraq.所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式；来源：(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_516690e9010091ku.html) - 英文合同解读（三）_kevin_新浪博客 l The Employer shall render correct technical guidance to the personnel.雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。 render 较 give 正式；l Party A shall repatriate the patient to China and bear the cost of his passage to Guangzhou.甲方应将病人遣返中国并负责其返回广州的旅费。 repatriate 较 send back 正式；l This Contract shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of China.本合同受中国法律管辖，并按中国法律解释。construe 较 explain, interpret 正式；in accordance with 较according to正式。l The Employer may object to and require the Contractor to replace forthwith any of its authorized representatives who is incompetent.雇主认为承包人委派的授权代表不合格时，可以反对并要求立即撤换。require较ask正式；而且，require表示上对下的要求，ask没有这么明确，它含有request和require之意，其中request表示下对上的要求，即“请求”公文体forthwith 较 at once 正式；l The Chairperson may convene and preside an interim meeting based on a proposal made by one-third of the total number of directors.董事长可以根据董事会过1/3董事的提议而召集主持临时董事会议。Convene较hold正式，preside较be in charge of 正式，interim也是正式用词较temporary正式。l In processing transactions, the manufacturers shall never have title either to the materials or the finished products.加工贸易中，厂方无论是对原料还是成品都无所有权。 title 较 ownership 正式。l The term "Effective date" means the date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto.“生效期”指双方合同签字的日子。 execute 较 sign 正式；l The submission to and consent by the Engineer of such programs or the provision of such general descriptions or cash flow estimates shall not relieve the Contractor of any of his duties or responsibilities under the Contract.向工程师提交并同意的上述进度计划或提供上述一般说明或现金流量估算，并不解除合同规定的承包人的任何义务或责任。Consent和estimate都是正式用词；l The Appendix hereto shall, through the contract period, be deemed to be construed as an integral part of this Contract. 整个合同期间，本合同附件应理解为合同不可分割的一部分。deem较consider正式。l The parties shall work together in order to endeavour to achieve the timely completion of the Project in accordance with the Project Schedule as Annex 4 according to which the construction period shall be _________years from the commencement date.双方共同努力确保按附件四的工程进度表及时竣工，根据该工程进度表工期应从开工日起*年。Commencement较starting、beginning正式。3． 同、近义词、相关词并列（Parallel Synonyms, Parasynonyms and Associated/Binomial Expressions）在英文合同中同近义词或相关词成对或多个并列连用，使合同周密严谨，以减少漏洞和争议。l This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.本协议由甲方与乙方签订。句中made与entered into同义，而by与between相关。l Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the following commodity under the terms and conditions set out below: 甲方同意按照下列条款向乙方购买如下商品：terms 和conditions同义，往往并列连用表示合同的条款。l Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20. 自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。On与after相关词连用用以明确时间。l Any partner or his/her agent, may review any and all accounting or other records at anytime.任何合伙人或其代理人，可随时审查任一或全部会计账目或其他记录。Any 与 all 相关词连用，表达更为严谨。l The decision by such arbitration shall be accepted as final and binding upon both parties。该仲裁裁决为终局裁决，双方均受其约束。Final和binding属相关词连用。l The Company hereby releases and discharges Party A from further performance of, and any duties, obligations or liabilities under, the amended Agreement.本公司特此解除甲方已修正协议的进一步履行及其修正协议下的义务和责任。Release和discharge相关词连用，duty，obligation和liability属近同义词连用。l If the Contractor shall duly perform and observe all the terms, provisions, conditions and stipulations of the said Contract, this obligation shall be null or void but otherwise shall be and remain in full force and effect.如果承包人切实履行并遵守上述合同的所有条款、条件及规定，此义务即告终止，否则将保持完全有效。句中terms, provisions, conditions，stipulations为一组同义词，意为合同的条款及规定，null和void，be和remain，force和effect也都是同义连用。l While this agreement is in effect, the Author shall not, without the prior written consent of the Publisher, write, edit, print, or publish, or cause to be written, edited, printed or published, any other edition of the Work, whether revised, supplemented, corrected, enlarged, abridged, or otherwise….l May be fixed or varied from time to time at and in accordance with the sole discretion and opinion 第三节 英文合同的句式结构特点（Sentence Structure)与时态特点(Tense)一、句式结构特点（Sentence Structure)1. 句子冗长，结构严谨，语序复杂(prolixity, preciseness and perplexity )英文合同为了准确、严密、清楚地表达，多以庞杂的从句和/或短语并列，语序复杂多变的长句面目出现，很少以简单句为主。A．主句的状语的位置，一般放在助动词后，行为动词前，与基础英语频度副词如；often，sometimes，always，never，seldom的位置相同。例如：l The Company shall, at all time during the term of the Joint Venture, effect and maintain full and adequate insurance against loss or damage by fire and such risks as are customarily issued in connection with the operation of the Company.合资公司应在合资期间的任何时候，就火灾以及此类与公司经营相关的其他风险所造成的损失或损害进行投保，并保持充分和适当的保险。l If, at any time during the execution of the Work, the Engineer requires the Contractor to make bore-holes or to carry out exploratory excavation, such requirement shall in accordance with Clause 51, be the subject of an instruction unless an item or a Provisional Sum in respect of such work is included in the Bill of Quantities.在工程施工过程中的任何时间内，如果工程师要求承包人钻孔或进行勘探性开挖，则根据第51条规定以指示形式下达这一要求，但工程量报价表中已经包括了涉及此类工作的项号或暂定金额者除外。B．从句复杂，从句的状语，往往放在连词之后，从句的句子之前。例如：l If, at any time during the execution of the Contract, either of the Parties to the contract is prevented from executing the Contract in case of Force Majeure such as war, serious fires, flood, typhoon and earthquake, etc., the time for execution of the Contract shall be extended for a period equal to the affect of those causes.在合同期间的任何时候，合同任一方，由于受到战争、严重火灾、洪水、台风和地震等不可抗力事件的影响而不能履行合同时，合同履行期应予延长，延长期限相当于事件影响的时间。l If, at the time and in the place agreed under Sub-Clause 37.3, the materials or plant are not ready for inspecting or testing or if, as a result of the inspection or testing referred to in this Clause, the Engineer determines that the materials or plant are defective or otherwise not in accordance with the Contract, the Engineer may reject the materials or the plant and shall notify the Contract thereof immediately.如果在按第37.3条约定的时间和地点，供检查和检验的材料或工程设备未准备好，或者按本条规定所作的检查或检验结果，工程师认为材料或工程设备有缺陷或是不符合合同规定的，则工程师可拒收这些材料或工程设备，并应立即通知承包人。（本句较为复杂，有两个条件从句，一个宾语从句）C．主从复合句，从句经常用简略形式。例如：l A party dissatisfied with the judgment may, within 15 day upon receipt of the judgment, file an appeal to the next upper People’s Court.如不服本判决，该方可于接到判决之日起十五日内向上一级法院提起上诉。l The Contractor shall, unless otherwise provided in the Contract, make his own arrangement for the engagement of all staff and labour, local or other, and for their payment, housing, feeding and transport.除合同另有规定外，承包人应自行安排从当地或其他地方雇用的所有职员和劳务人员，以及他们的报酬、住房、膳食和交通。2． 否定前置与倒装(Negative Fronting and Anastrophe)英语中处理否定的方式一般有两种：一是否定词放在情态动词或助动词后，行为动词前，构成正常的陈述语序；二是否定词放在句首，然后情态动词或助动词与主语位置调换，构成倒装语序。英文合同中含否定意义的句子往往采用后者。例如：否定仅前置：(Fronting)l Nothing in Article 12.3 shall prevent Party A or any of its affiliation from continuing to carry on any of their present businesses.合同第十二条第三款规定不得妨碍甲方或其分支机构持续经营现有业务。l Neither party, without prior consent of the other, may assign or transfer to nay third party any equity interests held by its side.未经对方同意，任一方不得向任何第三人转让其持有的股权。否定倒装：(Anastrophe) l In no event shall the Seller be liable for lost profits, delay, injury to goodwill or any special or consequential damages howsoever any of the same are caused.对于利润损失、延误、商誉损害或任何特别或间接的损害赔偿，不论任何原因引起的，卖方概不承担责任。l In this case, Party B shall refund to Party A the amount which Party A has paid to Party B plus the related interest at the rate of 10% per year immediately, but in no case shall such refunding by Party B exceeds 30 days from receipt from Party A of the notice to terminate the contract.在此种情况下，乙方应立即返还甲方已支付给乙方的款项并按年利率10%加算利息，但不论怎样乙方该返还不得超过收到甲方终止合同通知后30日。3．被动语态(Passive Voice)和基础英语一样，英文合同中如果不必知道行为主体、不知道行为主体、想强调行为结果时，就会使用被动语态。被动结构往往作为后置定语、状语或者句子的谓语。例如：来源：(http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_516690e9010091kx.html) - 英文合同解读（四）_kevin_新浪博客 l Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be a material breach of this Agreement.未能按上述要求通知甲方的，则视为构成实质违约。（作谓语）l Seller agrees to sell and the Buyer agrees to buy the undermentioned goods subject to terms and conditions set forth hereinafter as follows:，按如下列明的条款，卖方同意出售，买方同意购买下述商品：（作后置定语）l Therefore, Executive agrees that the Company shall be entitled to an injunction restraining Executive from any actual or threatened breach of paragraphs 7, 8 or 9 or to any other appropriate equitable remedy without any bond or other security being required.因此，董事同意本公司无需提供任何保证或其他担保，有权发出申请禁令限制董事任何实际或危及违反7、8或9节的行为或获得任何其他适当衡平救济。（作状语）l The payment of all the expenses under this contract shall be made by M/T through Bank of China, Shenzhen Branch and the bank designated by Party B.所有合同项下的费用均应通过中国银行深圳分行和乙方指定银行进行支付。（作谓语和后置定语）l Upon termination or dissolution of the Partnership，the partnership will be promptly liquidated, with all debts being paid first, prior to any distribution of the remaining funds.合伙企业一经终止或解散，合伙企业立即清算，在分割剩余财产前，首先偿还所有债务。（作谓语和状语）1． Such…as的用法英文合同力求严密、准确，为避免误解和歧义，常用such……as作关系代词，引导从句，把所修饰的词或短语放在such和as之间来明确含义。例如：l The Engineer shall have authority to issue to the Contractor, from time to time, such supplementary Drawings and instructions as shall be necessary for the purpose of the proper and adequate execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.工程师有权随时向承包人发出合理和恰当施工、竣工及修补工程缺陷所必须的补充图纸和指令。l B shall provide such information and data as useful and necessary for the negotiation and appoint a person to cooperate with the representatives from C or New Company and the People’s Insurance Company of China in charge of the negotiation.乙方应向丙方或新公司和主管该谈判的中国人民保险公司提供谈判所需的有用资讯材料并指定人员与上述各方进行配合。l The Employee shall also comply with such future Employer policies, rules, regulations, performance standards and manuals as may be published or amended from time to time. 受聘员工也应遵守可随时公布或修改的聘用方今后的政策、守则、规定、行为规范和员工手册。l The Contractor shall provide the following personnel on the Site for the purpose of the execution and completion of the Works and remedying of any defects:Only such technical assistants as are skilled and experienced in their respective callings (fields) and such formen and leading hands as are competent to give proper superintendence of the Works.承包人应为施工、竣工或修补工程缺陷向现场（工地）提供：在本行业中技术熟练，经验丰富的技术助理，和能对工程给予正确监督的监工和领班。l All material, Plant and Workmanship shall, from time to time, be subject to such tests and inspections as the Engineer may require at the place of manufacture, fabrication or preparation, or on the Site, or at such other place or places as may be specified in the Contract, or at all or any of such places.一切材料、工程设备和工艺应随时按工程师可能提出的要求，在制造、装配或准备地点，或在现场，或在合同规定的其他地点或若干地点，或在所有此类地点或其中任何地点进行检验。二、时态特点(Tense)由于合同具有预见性，其约定是希望未来发生、可能发生、应避免发生的事宜，所以英文合同中的时态多为一般将来时或一般现在时（从句中多见）。而且往往以“应当做（shall do）”、“可以做（may do）”、“必须做（must do）”、“不得做（may not/shall not）”等表达形式出现来说明当事人的权利、义务。参看第二章第二节，在此不再赘述。也有基础英语常见的will、will not、to do及do（用于强调语气）的表达形式。绝少看到其他时态和表达方式。例如：l In case Party B becomes delinquent in the payment of any sum due hereunder, Party A will be entitled to suspend the performance until such delinquent is corrected, and initiate termination for cause in accordance with Section 10.2.乙方违约未按本协议规定按期支付的，甲方有权中止履行协议，直至该违约得以纠正，甲方还有权于协议第十条第二款规定的事由出现时终止本协议的执行。（In case从句和until从句中一般现在时，主句用will do表一般将来时）l Licensee agrees that it will not during the term of this agreement, or thereafter, attack the title or any rights of Licensor in and to the Name or attack the validity of this license.受许可方同意在本协议期间及其后不以或对许可方名义侵害许可方的所有权或任何权利或侵害该许可的效力。（主句一般现在时，从句用will not表一般将来时的否定）l The abovementioned loss to be calculated from the 16th day after expiry of the free storage time at the port should be borne by the Buyer with the exception of Force Majeure.上述损失从到港卸货仓储期届满后第16天起算，由买方承担，不可抗力除外。（to be calculated将来可能需要计算的）l In consideration of employment with the Company, I do hereby acknowledge the facts set out below and agree to be bound as follows:考虑到受聘于公司，本人由此认可以下列明事实并同意受其约束：（do强调郑重的语气可不翻译出）当然，在特定的情况下，偶尔也会看到完成时态、进行时态的表达。例如：From time to time after Licensee has commenced selling the articles and upon Licensor’s written request, Licensee shall furnish without cost to Licensor not more than additional random samples of each article being manufactured and sold by Licensee hereunder, together with any cartons, containers and packing and wrapping material used in connection therewith.受许可方开始销售产品后，应许可方随时书面要求，不对许可方产生任何附加费用，受许可方应向许可方提供根据本协议正在生产销售的随机样品及其相关的纸箱、集装箱和包装材料。

Product: RUSSIAN MAZUT GRADE M-100, GOST 10585-75 Delivery terms: CIF, QINGDAO-CHINA PORTS Quantity: 100,000 MT (One Hundred Thousand Metric Tons) per month x 12 months Shipment capacity: 50,000MT per shipment . Price basis: Fixed Price on CIF basis delivered at Buyer’s Port of discharge SALES & PURCHASE CONTRACT M100 购销合同 SALE AND PURCHASE OF RUSSIAN MAZUT GRADE M-100, GOST 10585-75 This Agreement is made on this 10 th day of January 2012 and entered into by and between: Company (公司): SOURCE GREAT GROUP (HK) INDUSTRIAL LTD.  Registered Address (注册地址)   Legal /Mail Address (合法/通讯地址):   COMPANY REG. No. /Country?(国家/地址):   Email (电邮地址):   Telephone (电话):   Fax (传真):   Represented by (代表人):   Title (职位):   Passport No./Country 

浅论英文合同的审核 英美律师起草的合同无不深深地刻着英美法系私法原理的烙印，即高度私法自治和遵循先例。所表现出来的突出特点就是大多数英文合同篇幅长、惯用冗长句子和法言法语，但逻辑严密并且规律性很强。 ??一个大项目的英文合同往往都是鸿篇巨制，篇幅达几百页。英美国家实行判例法，大陆法系实行成文法，成文法相对于判例法的重要区别就是比较稳定，而且合同很多内容法律都有直接规定，双方对于法律已经有规定的部分就无须在合同中作进一步的约定。但英美国家推行判例法，推行高度私法自治，成文法大多仅作为参考，不具有强制适用的性质，因此，合同方在订立合同的过程中享有高度订约自由，合同各方可以就任何问题按照自己的意愿作出自己认为合适的约定。订约自由是一项至高的原则，合同条文、文字所直接反映出来的当事人的意愿，法官不得轻易否决，必须予以最大限度的尊重。由于合同文字是法官解释合同文件、探悉合同当事人意愿的唯一依据，故合同各方都力求使合同结构完整、语义严密明确。为使语义严密明确，他们在合同中进行大量的定义，大量使用限定词、定语从句、状语从句，避免使用省略句，也尽量不使用有可能引起指代不明的代词。因此，对于同一个项目合同，按照英美法草拟的合同篇幅常常比按照大陆法草拟的合同篇幅长很多。 其实，英文合同最重要的特点是其严密的逻辑性和很强的规律性。尽管英美法系国家主张私法高度意思自治，但是在草拟合同过程中，过多地偏离先例，除非有非常高水平的律师，否则很难说合同能够严密明确，保证没有任何争议。即使能够找到这样的律师，但为此而付出的律师成本和风险成本太高。因此，一般情况下，绝大多数合同还是选择遵从先例，尽量采用先前法官所认可的语言和逻辑结构，这样，合同专业词汇和逻辑结构经过千百年的积累逐渐固定下来，形成了很强的规律性。 由于合同的结构和使用的语言都比较固定，因此合同中每一部分法律风险位于何处，主文条款隐藏哪些主要风险，也都相对比较固定。换句话说，合同风险所处的位置也有很多规律可循。这就为我们分析英文合同提供了可能。 下面就英文合同一些比较关键的部分的审核进行论述，以期在较短的时间内就手头的合同能有大概的印象并提出一些较为中肯的建议。 一、标题的审核 一份完整的英文合同通常分为“标题”、“序言”、“主文条款”和“结尾”四大部分。标题显示合同性质，有两个方面的作用，及表明合同的性质和为以后查询提供方便。 英文合同和中文合同一样，不必设定标题，当事人间的法律关系和权利义务主要依靠合同各个条款来判断，标题基本上不会产生影响。但是，如果使用了标题，在阅读、分析的时候就要注意：标题部分是否用了subject（视…而定）、draft（草案）、Discussion Draft（讨论稿）、 Draft for Internal Circulation（内部稿）、Draft amended（修订稿）等内容。如果标题部分出现subject to contract就表明合同方不打算使该合同生效，还需要进一步签订合同。这样，即使在这个标有“Subject to contract ”的合同上已经签字，也可能置合同效力于不确定中。类似的措辞还包括subject to contract, subject to detail, subject to management approval, subject to credit, indicative terms等。因此，如果合同方确实希望该签署的合同生效，就得将这些subject或draft去掉。 二、争议的解决 在英文合同中，仲裁是最常见的争议解决方式。合同各方往往在合同签署时在合同中约定或在争议发生后通过签订仲裁协议等类似文件来约定采取仲裁方式解决争议。由于争议发生后，各方想要达成一致意见比较困难，因此，合同方主要还是采取在签署合同的时候在合同中约定仲裁条款，一旦争议出现，合同方便可根据仲裁条款向仲裁庭申请仲裁。 仲裁分为机构仲裁（Institutional Arbitration）和特别仲裁（ad hoc Arbitration）。基本上世界上承认仲裁的国家都承认机构仲裁，但对特别仲裁，则存在不同态度。比如，中国内地就要求必须采用机构仲裁，不适用特别仲裁。中国对其境内特别仲裁裁决结果不予认可，但对在国外采用特别仲裁方式所得的裁决结果还是认可的。因此，在阅读英文合同过程中，如果发现特别仲裁，应确认仲裁所适用的法律所在地国（地区）承认特别仲裁。由于各国对仲裁条款所适用的法律和整个合同所适用的法律是否必须一致存在不同意见，还需明确该仲裁条款究竟适用什么法律。但也可以在争议解决条款部分直接说明本争议解决适用的法律，只是在实际操作中比较少见。 目前，国际上比较知名的仲裁机构主要有以下几个： ①国际商会仲裁院（ICC），成立于1923年，隶属于国际商会。 ②瑞典斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院（Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce）,它成立于1917年，隶属于斯德哥尔摩商会。斯德哥尔摩商会仲裁院没有仲裁员名册，仲裁双方可以聘请全世界任何地方、具有相当公正，有一定知识程度的人员。它没有官方固定的组织机构，只设一个秘书处，管理受案，分发邮件；它没有固定的书记员，每个案件是临时从律师事务所聘请有经验的律师担任书记员。 ③美国仲裁协会（AAA），总部设在纽约，由美国公开社团、美国基金会和一些美国工商团体组成。 ④香港国际仲裁中心（HKIAC），是按照香港的公司法注册登记的、具有公司性质的民间机构。 ⑤英国伦敦国际仲裁院（LCIA），成立于1892年，它是由伦敦市政府、英国女王推举的仲裁员协会和伦敦工商会组成，主要管理人员由仲裁员协会进行管理。 ⑥中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（CIETAC），成立于1956年，在涉外仲裁中发展很快，每年裁决案件量居亚洲之首。 目前，仲裁已经作为ADR（替代性纠纷解决方式）的主要途径，这尤其体现在国际商事合同中。因为，不管诉讼还是仲裁，最后的执行才是关键。由于法院的判决在境外执行一般需要判决地国与执行地国签有司法协助条约或者有共同确认的互惠原则，很多国家都没有类似的司法协助和/或互惠原则，例如，美国就没有和世界上任何一个国家签订相互承认判决的协议或者加入类似的国际条约，因此，在争议解决过程中很容易导致二次诉讼，即在一国通过诉讼拿到判决，再到另一国申请执行，无形中加大了争议解决的成本；但仲裁裁决则不一样，《纽约条约》（New York Convention）的签字国已达137个，中国和美国都是签字国。因此，在他国仲裁裁决结果也可以在中国得到有效执行。但因各国往往把司法看作自己主权的象征之一，因此，对于外国的判决的承认则困难重重。当然，在中国境内仲裁裁决结果到外国执行也比中国法院到外国执行容易很多。因此，从便利执行角度考虑，在国际商事交易中，约定仲裁对中国公司来说无疑是最佳选择。 尽管仲裁解决争议方式有上述优点，但仲裁有一个先天不足的致命弱点，即仲裁在财产保全方面几乎无能为力；而且国外仲裁庭的禁令或者禁诉令，中国法院很难执行。 在对仲裁和诉讼的地点进行选择时，主要应注意仲裁后或者诉讼判决后执行方面的风险和争议解决过程中的成本。比如，如果选择诉讼解决，美国就不是一个理想的诉讼解决地。因为美国几乎没有和别国签订相互承认判决的协议或者加入类似的国际条约，执行判决结果很难，已如前述。另外，美国的司法成本很高，律师收费相对较高。当然，如果因为合同的性质，不得不约定在美国的某个地方解决争议，则最好在合同中约定仲裁，便于执行。 三、适用法律 适用法律约定对合同各方关系重大，如果适用外国法，合同中所表述的有些术语可能和中国法中的某些术语不一致。比如，英国法中的不当得利和中国法中的不当得利就存在较大的差别，德国法中的合伙和中国法中的合伙也不一样。适用的法律不同，合同诉讼时效也不一样，如英国一般是6年，而我国一般是两年；同时，如果适用英国法，可能会涉及对价（consideration），合同是否有效，合同生效后所作变更，和解协议等是否有效，都与对价息息相关。总之，适用法律不仅涉及合同效力、合同各方面的权利义务，而且涉及合同争议的解决等。 合同方可以选择适用的法律，但这种选择不是任意选择，因为法律对某些协议强制适用，不得适用其他法律。比如，在英国伦敦注册的甲公司与在中国浙江注册的乙公司欲在中国广东成立一家中外合资经营企业丙，双方签订的合资协议所适用的法律就必须适用《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》，不容签约方选择，即使选择也无效。而且，如果两个中国公司签订不具有任何涉外因素的合同，一般也只能选择中国法律。 另外，合同方有时根据自己的实际情况在合同中约定了管辖法律，但也不能避免其他法律的强制适用，即签约方所选择适用的法律和强制性法律一并适用。比如，在中国根据中国法律注册成立的甲公司在伊朗有一个炼油厂项目。为该项目的顺利实施，甲公司找到一家根据美国法律在美国注册成立的代理公司乙，签订采购协议，购买菲律宾一个厂家生产的一台压缩机（该压缩机的生产技术来自美国，其中部分压缩机零部件产自美国）。双方在协议中约定该采购协议适用英国法。协议签订后，在执行过程中，双方遇到了很大的麻烦，并最终使得该采购协议胎死腹中，而甲公司也不得不承担巨额的违约金。原因就在于双方对《美国出口管制法》未予重视。尽管双方在合同中约定了适用英国法，但也无法避免《美国出口管制法》的强行适用。根据《美国出口管制法》，本案中有几个地方满足适用本管制法的条件：首先，乙公司是一家根据美国法律注册成立的公司，只要是美国公民、根据美国法律或州法律成立的公司或任何身在美国的公民都必须受该法的管辖；其次，对于出口原产于美国的产品、在美国境内的产品、利用美国技术在美国境外生产的产品或在美国境外生产的产品中的组成部分来自美国且达到一定比例，则应适用该管制法；最后，对于某些产品去往的国家如果是该法中规定的禁运或者限制的国家，也应适用本法。在本案中，乙公司是根据美国法律注册成立的公司，应予适用该管制法；而产品尽管产自菲律宾，但是因为该产品的生产技术源于美国，也应适用该管制法；该压缩机最终不是在中国使用，而是运往伊朗适用，伊朗属于该法中规定的禁运国，故该法强行予以适用；法院还认为，该产品有部件产自美国，且已经达到了10%的最低标准，也应适用本法。法院判决对卖方罚款，造成了买方的延误和巨大损失。其实，《美国出口管制法》确实对日常交易产生了很大影响。现在多数合同，只要合同方不涉及美方，合同一般不会约定适用美国法，解决争议的地点也尽量不选择在美国进行。因此，在与美国公司交往过程中，一定注意《美国出口管制法》。即使合同对方不是美国公司，但只要所采购的货物可能涉及《美国出口管制法》，也应尽量小心。 所以，法律适用条款本身并未规定合同方的权利义务，但其对合同方权利义务的影响是巨大的，在阅读分析时应高度重视。 四、违约条款 首先，违反明示的约定比较容易识别，在此不做详述。默示的约定，即当事人未经合同明示，但却被法院认为隐含在合同中的约定。由于默示的约定无法从合同措辞中予以判别，必须通过合同措辞隐含的意思予以确定，因此，合同当事方经常就此发生争议。之所以存在这些默示条款，原因在于：合同当事人在签订合同过程中，不可能穷尽所有条款，某些法律规定、国际惯例或生活习惯都不必在合同中一一罗列，因为这已经约定俗成，不必明说，大家也都因该这样去做。如果对这种法律规定、国际惯例和生活习惯也进行规定，则合同可能成为一个包括所有的百科全书，而不是一个可执行的合同。 由于默示条款并未在合同中明确约定，而是否存在这样的默示条款往往取决于法官的认知水平和先例，而这种认定往往存在一定的不确定性，故当事方的权益也就相应地存在一定风险。不过，经过几百年的实践经验，对于合同存在哪些方面的默示约定已经积累了很多案例，达成了一定的共识：在这些默示约定中，最重要的是要求“满足目的”（fitness for purpose），这是1979年《货物买卖法》的规定：卖方行为如果属于商业行为，则其货物必须具有令人满意的质量（还可能包括一个默示条款，即货物满足其目的）。如果在合同中没有明确指出，“满足目的”一般指“满足通常的目的”。如果合同中明确约定产品将用于某种特殊的目的，则该合同就隐含一个默示条件，即产品应符合该特殊的目的。应此，读者经常会在货物买卖合同签约背景部分，有时也在合同的正文部分，看到签约方对签约目的所作的约定。当然，合同当事人也可能在合同的正文部分明确表明，一方提供的产品或服务应当满足合同目的，但这就成了明示条款，而非默示条款。 对于某些专业性很强，风险性很高的行业，一般要求产品提供方承担“合理的技能和谨慎”的默示义务。比如，在工程设计合同、船舶建造设计、飞机设计、奥运场馆设计合同中，除非合同明确约定合同目的并明确要求设计方提供的产品应满足合同目的，否则设计方的义务一般只需满足“合理的技能和谨慎”（reasonable skill and care）的默示义务。由于“满足合同目的”和“合理的技能和谨慎”的标准差别很大，设计方和客户之间经常就此在合同中进行非常艰难的谈判。总的来说，“满足合同目的”义务比“合理的技能和谨慎”义务要严格很多。尽管“合理的技能和谨慎”不是普通人的“合理的技能和谨慎”，只是在专业(professional)领域中必须具有“合理性”（reasonable），即“普通的技术人员的标准”（standard of the ordinary skilled person）,并且这种“合理性”不能太高，不是最高要求，只是在签订合同时的标准，设计师只需按照签约时适当的标准进行设计，就满足了“合理的技能和谨慎”标准。这种标准通常是一些行业标准，如建筑行业的GB50319-2000，船舶设计行业的《最新船闸电气设计规范与船舶设计制造质量检测技术标准》。满足了“合理的技能和谨慎”标准，即使设计方存在过失（negligence），并且没有达到“满足目的”，也不承担责任；而“满足目的”则正好于此相反，即使设计方满足了“合理的技能与谨慎”标准，且设计方不存在任何过失，但如果没有达到“满足目的”的标准，设计师仍必需承担违约责任。而对这种设计合同中设计方究竟应该承担什么标准的义务，国际惯例也不一样。所以，在阅读审核对要求一方应满足所谓的“合同目的”（intended purpose of this contract）方面的约定应引起高度注意。有时，合同方为了排除这种默示条款的不确定性，往往在合同中选择明确约定排除隐含条款。 合同当事方只要在合同中明示地排除默示条款的适用，一般这种排除都是有效的。因为在英国法下，法院一般认为，当事人援用惯例是为了实现法律而不是为了破坏法律，所以默示条款不得与明示条款相冲突或抵触，并且在合同解释规则部分首先提到的就是按照合同字面意思解释。如果合同当事方明确约定不适用某个惯例，则必须适用该合同条款，而不是惯例，从而将默示条款排除在外。 其次，对于违约补救方式，在分析英文合同时，有时对是否存在违约及违约类型并不十分清楚，如果贸然决定采取不当的补救措施，可能会适得其反。比如，如果合同使用“warranty”，则当货物出现瑕疵时，卖方可以直接起诉卖方违反该“warranty”条款，要求损害赔偿。但如果是“indemnity”，则当货物出现瑕疵时，买方必须先进行维修，然后向卖方索赔该维修所花费用。如果合同明确使用的是“warranty”，当货物出现瑕疵时，买方径直对其进行维修，则很可能卖方对此维修费用不予认可，买方就可能无法就此维修费向卖方成功索赔，除非合同其他条款对此另有规定。 再次，对于预期违约赔偿金。预期违约赔偿金在英美法系国家适用非常广泛。因为，英国法主张，对非违约方的补偿应以非违约方的损失为限，并且不包括非违约方的间接损失，对违约方不主张惩罚。因此，在英国法上，罚金被认为是不可执行的，只有预期违约赔偿金才可以执行，非违约方不能仅仅因为违约方的违法行为赚取利润。但中国法不一样，中国法中对违约方可以实施惩罚，非违约方可以因此获得利益，比如《中华人民共和国合同法》规定的双倍赔偿等。一旦出现合同约定的违约情形，违约方就得按照该预期违约赔偿金额赔偿非违约方，非违约方不必再劳神费力去举证自己所遭受的损失。当然，在真正赔偿时，违约方也可能拒绝赔偿，而向法院主张该约定损失太高，已经远远超过了非违约方的实际损失，因此，这是一个惩罚性条款，不具有可执行性。但提出这种主张，举证责任就在违约方，违约方首先要举证该约定补偿数额高于买方的实际损失，违约方为此举证亦需花费大量人力物力，很可能最后判下来的赔偿金额也没有比预期损失金额小多少，因此合同各方一般也只能选择尽可能不违约，或在违约时按照该预期赔偿金额予以赔偿。但该限额不是越高越好，要看是否符合预期违约赔偿金这个概念本身，即必须是真实的违约损失，如果畸高，超过了真实的违约损失，很可能被法院判为存在惩罚性罚款，这与英国法相悖。违约方可能会举证这是罚金（penalty），因此不具有可执行性。 总的来说，阅读分析英文合同，应着重注意以下几个方面： 始终牢记客户的要求。 维护客户利益，促使客户利益最大化是律师不懈的追求。即使客户处于非常弱势的地位，也要将那些极端不合理、可能存在极大风险的条款找出来，帮助客户规避这些风险。因为，即使对方处于非常强势的地位，他也不得不将合同条款的合理性考虑在内，如果一味地强势，可能导致整个合同都被判无法执行。 整体地阅读与分析英文合同。 阅读与分析英文合同，必须从宏观出发，综合考虑整个合同的各个条文，而不能仅局限于某一个具体的条文。合同的某个具体的条文只是整个合同微观的组成部分，如果合同条款之间存在矛盾冲突，法官在解释合同时就必须采取整体解释，解决合同中各相关条款间的协调及超越问题。 始终牢记合同适用的法律是什么，再逐条对合同条款的风险进行分析。

经销合同（路伟国际律师事务所合同模板） ACLA-Lovells Contract Template Distribution Contract 经销合同 This contract template has been prepared as part of the All China Lawyers Association (ACLA) - Lovells Legal Skills Training Series (Training Series), which have covered skills . [PRODUCT NAME] DISTRIBUTION CONTRACT [产品名称] 经销合同- by and between - 由[SUPPLIER NAME] （供应商名称）SUPPLIER 供应商- and - - 与 -[DISTRIBUTOR NAME] （经销商名称）DISTRIBUTOR 经销商签订TABLE OF CONTENTS 目录PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 1 前言1. DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION 1 1. 定义 12. SCOPE OF CONTRACT 1 2. 合同范围 13. CONDITIONS OF SALE 2 3. 销售条件 24. ORDERING 2 4. 订货 25. PROMOTION 2 5. 营销 26. STORAGE AND PRODUCT RETRIEVAL 3 6. 库存和产品召回 37. REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE SERVICE 3 7. 维修和保养服务 38. REPORTING 4 8. 报告 39. COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS 4 9. 遵守当地法律 310. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 4 10. 知识产权 411. CONDITIONS PRECEDENT 5 11. 先决条件 412. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 5 12. 陈述及担保 413. TERM 5 13. 合同期限 514. TERMINATION 6 14. 合同终止 515. CONFIDENTIALITY 8 15. 保密义务 716. BREACH OF CONTRACT 9 16. 违约 817. FORCE MAJEURE 9 17. 不可抗力 818. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES 10 18. 争议的解决 919. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 12 19. 其他规定 11SCHEDULE A 16 附录一-定义 14ANNEX 1 19 [产品名称]经销合同附件一 16ANNEX 2 20 [产品名称]经销合同附件二 17ANNEX 3 21 [产品名称]经销合同附件三 18CAVEATS AND DRAFTING NOTES 22 注意事项与说明 20[PRODUCT NAME] DISTRIBUTION CONTRACT [产品名称]经销合同THIS CONTRACT ("Contract") is made in [city and province], China on this [●] day of [●], 200[●] by and between [Supplier name], [Supplier entity form] organized and existing under the laws of [Supplier jurisdiction of incorporation] with its [registered address][principle place of business] at [address] (hereinafter referred to as "Supplier"), and [Distributor name], [Distributor entity form] established and existing under the laws of China, with its [registered address][principle place of business] at [address] (hereinafter referred to as "Distributor"). Distributor and Supplier shall hereinafter be referred to individually as a "Party" and collectively as the "Parties". 本合同(“本合同”)于200[·]年[·]月[·]日由以下双方在中国[省市]签订：[供应商名称]，一家根据[供应商组建地]法律组建及存续的[供应商组织形式]，[注册地址][ ]，[主要营业地点][ ]（以下简称“供应商”）与[经销商名称]，一家根据中国法律组建及存续的 [经销商组织形式]，[注册地址][ ]，[主要营业地点][ ]（以下简称“经销商”）。供应商和经销商以下各称“一方”，合称“双方”。PRELIMINARY STATEMENT 前言After friendly consultations conducted in accordance with the principles of equality and mutual benefit, the Parties have agreed to enter into a distributorship relationship in accordance with Applicable Laws and the provisions of this Contract. 双方本着平等互利的原则，经友好协商，依照有关法律，同意按照本合同的条款，建立经销关系。Now the Parties Hereby Agree as Follows: 双方现协议如下：1. DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATION 1. 定义与解释Unless the terms or context of this Contract otherwise provide, this Contract shall be interpreted in accordance with, and each of the terms used herein shall have the meaning ascribed to it in Schedule A. 除本合同条款另有约定或上下文另有所指，本合同的解释规则及本合同中所有相关用语的定义见附录一。2. SCOPE OF CONTRACT 2. 合同范围2.1 Appointment 2.1 经销权的授予(a) The Supplier hereby appoints Distributor as its [non-]exclusive distributor in the Territory for the Products listed in Annex 1 to this Contract as may be amended by written agreement between Supplier and Distributor from time to time. (a) 供应商特此指定经销商为区域内本合同附件一所列经销产品的[非]独家经销商，本合同附件一可经供应商和经销商不时书面同意随时修改。(b) The Distributor shall purchase all its requirements of the Products from Supplier or its Affiliates during the Term. (b) 经销商应在合同期限内向供应商或其关联机构购买其所需的全部经销产品的所有必要组件。2.2 Restriction on Sales by Supplier 2.2 [供应商销售的限制The Supplier shall not supply the Products in the Territory to any other person during the Term [for resale but Supplier reserves the right to sell the Products direct to end users in the Territory]. 在合同期限内，供应商不应在区域内向任何第三方供应经销产品[用以转售，但供应商保留向区域内最终用户直接销售经销产品的权利]。]2.3 Competing Products 2.3 竞争产品The Distributor shall not (and shall procure that none of its Affiliates shall) manufacture or sell in the Territory any products that compete with the Products during the Term. 在合同期限内，经销商不得[且应促使其任何关联机构不]在区域内生产或销售与经销产品构成竞争的任何产品。2.4 Restrictions on Resale 2.4 限制转售The Distributor shall not sell the Products to any person outside the Territory[ or to any person who has the intention to transport the Products outside the Territory]. 经销商不应向区域外任何个人[或向任何有意将产品转运到区域外的个人]销售经销产品。2.5 Minimum Purchases and Stocks 2.5 最低购买量和库存量(a) The Distributor shall purchase from Supplier at least the minimum quantities of the Products specified in Annex 1 to this Contract. (a) 经销商向供应商购买的经销产品数量应至少为本合同附件一中规定的最低购买量。(b) The Distributor shall at all times during the Term carry the full range of Products and shall maintain at least [three (3) months] stocks of the Products. (b) 经销商应在合同期限内一直确保经销产品的种类齐全，且应保证至少[三个月]的经销产品库存。2.6 Training 2.6 培训At least [two (2)] representatives of Distributor shall attend a training course in the service and repair of the Products at Supplier’s place of business, all expenses in connection therewith to be met by the [Supplier except travelling and subsistence expenses] [Distributor]. 经销商应至少派出[两]名代表参加在供应商营业地点召开的就经销产品服务和维修举办的培训课程，一切相关费用应由[供应商承担(但差旅费和生活费除外)][经销商承担]。3. CONDITIONS OF SALE 3. 销售条件3.1 Sale and Purchase of Products 3.1 经销产品的销售与购买The Supplier shall sell and Distributor shall purchase the Products subject to the conditions of sale set out in Annex 2 to this Contract, which shall be deemed to be incorporated into and form part of this Contract. If there is any conflict or inconsistency between the provisions of Annex 2 and the rest of this Contract, the latter shall prevail. 供应商将根据本合同附件二规定的销售条件销售产品，经销商应按照这些条件购买产品，本合同附件二规定的销售条件应视作构成本合同的一部分。如果附件二的规定和本合同的其他部分相冲突或抵触，应以本合同为准。3.2 Distributor’s Terms Not Applicable 3.2 不适用经销商的相关条款Neither Distributor’s standard conditions of purchase nor any terms or conditions in any order forms or other documents prepared by Distributor shall apply to the sale of the Products by Supplier to Distributor. 经销商自己的标准购货条件，或由经销商起草的任何订单或其他文件中的任何条款或条件，都不适用于供应商向经销商销售经销产品。4. ORDERING 4. 订货4.1 Written Order 4.1 书面订单The Distributor shall during the Term submit in writing to Supplier on a monthly basis: 在合同有效期内，经销商应每月以书面形式向供应商提供：(a) firm orders for Products to be supplied within the [two (2) months] following the month in which the order is submitted; and (a) 订单发出当月之后[两个月]以内的拟购买经销产品的有约束力的订单；并且(b) detailed estimates of its requirements for Products to be supplied in the [four (4) months] thereafter. (b) 此后[四个月]以内对拟购买经销产品数量的详细预测。4.2 Acceptance of Order 4.2 订单的接受This Contract establishes the framework under which the sale and purchase of Products between Supplier and Distributor will be conducted. However, no rights and obligations for the supply of the Products shall arise between Supplier and Distributor unless and until a firm order has been accepted in writing by Supplier. 本合同确定了供应商和经销商之间就经销产品销售和购买应遵循的基本框架。但是，只有在供应商已经书面接受一份有约束力的订单，供应商和经销商之间才就经销产品的供应产生权利和义务关系。5. PROMOTION 5. 营销5.1 Distributor’s Best Endeavours 5.1 经销商尽其最大的努力The Distributor shall, at all times during the term of this Contract, actively promote and use its best endeavours to increase sales of the Products in the Territory and shall not do anything that may prevent sales or interfere with the development of sales of the Products in the Territory. 经销商应在本合同的合同期限内积极推广经销产品并尽其最大努力在区域内提高产品销售量，且不得实施任何可能在区域内阻止产品销售或干扰经销产品推广的行为。5.2 Distributor’s Promotion Obligations 5.2 经销商的营销义务In particular (but without limiting the generality of Article 5.1) Distributor shall: 在不限制第5.1 条的普遍适用性的前提下，经销商具体应当：(a) employ a sufficient number of adequately trained salesmen, demonstrators and other necessary sales personnel; (a) 雇用充足数量的训练有素的销售人员、演示人员和其他必要的销售员工；(b) establish and maintain adequate sales systems, including, by way of example, demonstrations, exhibitions and lectures to interested groups, to deal with the requirements of its customers and potential customers within the Territory; (b) 建立并维持适当的销售系统，包括（例如）向有关方进行演示、展览和讲解，在区域内处理客户和潜在客户的要求；(c) distribute promotional literature about the Products; and (c) 发放有关经销产品的推广印刷品；(d) exhibit at relevant trade exhibitions. (d) 在相关行业展览会上展览。5.3 Consultation with Supplier 5.3 就营销事项征求供应商意见The Distributor shall consult with and obtain the approval of Supplier before advertising or publishing promotional material for the Products [save that nothing in this Article or elsewhere in this Contract shall limit Distributor’s freedom to set its own resale prices for the Products]. 经销商应在为经销产品进行广告宣传或发布营销材料之前征求供应商的意见，并获得供应商的批准。[但是本条款或本合同不限制经销商自行设定产品转售价格的自由。]6. STORAGE AND PRODUCT RECALL 6. 库存和产品召回6.1 Storage and Transport of Products 6.1 经销产品的库存和运输The Distributor shall store and transport the Products in conditions that will preserve the Products in good condition and will comply with any reasonable requests made by Supplier concerning the conditions in which the Products are to be stored or transported. The Distributor shall permit Supplier or its representatives to inspect Products in its possession from time to time [on reasonable prior [written] notice]. 经销商储存并运输经销产品的设施应保证经销产品处于良好状态，并应符合供应商关于产品储存和运输条件的合理要求。经销商应允许供应商或其代表[在合理的事先[书面]通知后]，随时检查由经销商储存的产品。6.2 Product Recall 6.2 经销产品的召回If requested by Supplier, Distributor shall give all reasonable assistance in locating and recovering any defective Products and preventing their sale to third parties and, in particular, shall comply with any product recall procedures adopted by Supplier and shall use its best endeavours to ensure that its customers co-operate in a similar manner. 应供应商的要求，经销商应给予所有合理的协助查找并召回任何有缺陷的经销产品，防止有缺陷的产品售与第三方，并应特别遵循供应商规定的经销产品召回程序，并应尽全力确保经销商的客户以类似方式予以合作。7. REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE SERVICE 7. 维修和保养服务7.1 Provision of Services 7.1 服务条款Distributor shall provide repair and maintenance services for the Products to owners and users in the Territory, and Supplier shall provide appropriate support services to Distributor, all in accordance with the terms of support services of Supplier in effect at the time. The current terms of support services of Supplier is attached hereto as Annex 3. 经销商应为区域内经销产品的拥有人和使用人提供维修和保养服务，供应商应向经销商提供适当的支持服务，上述所有活动应遵循供应商届时有效的支持服务条款。现行的供应商支持服务条款作为附件三附于本合同。7.2 Repairs and Maintenance to Products 7.2 经销产品的维修和保养In order to carry out repairs and maintenance to the Products, Distributor shall employ qualified engineers and shall maintain such repair and service equipment as may reasonably be required by Supplier from time to time. 为了便于对经销产品进行维修和保养，经销商应雇用合格的工程师，并应随时按照供应商的合理要求，对相关维修和服务设备给予保养维护。7.3 Sale and Use of Spare Parts 7.3 备件的销售与适用Supplier shall sell to Distributor spare parts for the Products in accordance with the conditions of sale set out in Annex 2 hereto. In order to maintain design and quality standards Distributor shall use only spare parts for the Products which are supplied by Supplier or its Affiliates. 供应商应按照本合同附件二中规定的销售条件向经销商出售经销产品备件。为保证设计和质量标准，经销商应仅使用由供应商或其关联机构提供的经销产品备件。8. REPORTING 8. 报告The Distributor shall at its own expense provide Supplier [by the end of the first week in each month] with a written report containing such information as Supplier may reasonably require including a report on the quality and performance of goods contained in each shipment and a stock and sales return. 经销商应根据供应商的合理要求，自付费用[在每月第一周结束时]向供应商出具书面报告，其中应包含每次运抵货物的质量和性能，以及库存和销售营业额。9. COMPLIANCE WITH LOCAL LAWS 9. 遵守当地法律The Distributor shall comply with all Applicable Laws existing in the Territory from time to time concerning the Products and shall keep Supplier informed of any relevant changes therein. In particular but without limitation Distributor (i) shall at its own expense obtain all necessary permissions, consents and licences to enable Distributor to market and sell the Products in the Territory; 经销商应随时遵守区域内与经销产品相关的所有现行有关法律，并应就相关变化通知供应商，经销商特别应当做到以下各点（但不仅限于此）：（i）自付费用获得所有必要的批文、同意和许可，使经销商可以在区域内营销和销售经销产品；(ii) shall obtain any other governmental or other permission, consent or licence or make any registration necessary for the full and legal operation and performance of this Contract; （ii）应获得其他所有政府的或其他性质的批文、同意或许可，或完成使本合同完全合法生效和履行所必须的登记；(iii) shall be responsible for the management of the importation of the Products into the Territory in compliance with Applicable Laws and the payment of all applicable import duties, taxes and other charges, and shall promptly upon Supplier’s request provide to Supplier copies of all documents evidencing the same. （iii）应按照有关法律负责经销产品进口到区域内的手续，支付所有适用的进口关税、税费和其他收费，应供应商的随时要求，立即向其提供所有证明支付上述税费的文件的复印件。10. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 10. 知识产权10.1 No Distributor Entitlement 10.1 未授予经销商的权利Nothing in this Contract shall entitle the Distributor to any Intellectual Property Rights owned or used by Supplier or any of its Affiliates (the "Supplier’s Intellectual Property Rights") or to any goodwill attaching thereto. 本合同未授予经销商任何由供应商或其关联机构拥有或使用的知识产权（“供应商的知识产权”）或与其相关的商誉。10.2 Notification of Infringement 10.2 侵权的通知The Distributor shall inform Supplier promptly of any potential, threatened, alleged or actual infringement of any of Supplier’s Intellectual Property Rights and shall provide all assistance and information required by Supplier in connection with any such infringement and shall, if Supplier so requests, at the expense of Supplier, join in any court or other proceedings relating to such infringement. 经销商应就任何针对供应商的知识产权的潜在的、威胁的、指控的、或实际的侵权，及时通知供应商，并应按照供应商的要求提供所有与处理该侵权相关的协助和信息，如果供应商就该侵权提起任何诉讼或其他程序，经销商应参与，但费用由供应商支付。10.3 No Alteration 10.3 禁止更改The Distributor shall not sell the Products under any other name or mark other than the names or marks used by Supplier in relation to the Products nor remove or obliterate those names or marks from the Products nor make any other alteration to the Products or their labelling. 经销商不得以供应商所使用的与产品相关的名称或标识之外的其他名称或标识出售经销产品，不得去除或涂抹经销产品标识，也不得更改经销产品或其标签。11. CONDITIONS PRECEDENT 11.先决条件[insert conditions precedent as appropriate] [根据实际情况，列出合同生效或一方履行某项义务的先决条件］12. REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES 12. 陈述及担保12.1 Distributor’s Representations and Warranties 12.1 经销商的陈述及担保Distributor represents and warrants to Supplier that on the date hereof [and as of the Effective Date]: 经销商向供应商陈述并担保，在本合同签订日[和生效日]：(a) it is an independent legal person duly organized, validly existing in good standing under the laws of the place of its establishment or incorporation; (a) 根据其成立地的法律，经销商为独立法人，依法定程序设立、有效存续、且相关手续完备；(b) it has full authority to enter into this Contract and to perform its obligations hereunder; (b) 经销商有全权订立本合同以及履行本合同项下义务；(c) it has authorized its representative to sign this Contract and from and after the Effective Date the provisions of this Contract shall be legally binding upon it; (c) 经销商已授予其授权代表签署本合同的权利，从生效日开始，本合同的条款对其具有法律约束力；? (d) its execution of this Contract and its performance of its obligations hereunder: (i) will not violate any provision of its business license, articles of incorporation, articles of association or similar organizational documents; (ii) will not violate any Applicable Laws or any governmental authorization or approval; and (iii) will not violate or result in a default under any contract to which it is a party or to which it is subject; (d) 经销商签署本合同以及履行本合同项下义务：（i）不违反其营业执照、成立协议、章程或类似组织文件的任何规定；（ii）不违反相关法律或任何政府的授权或批准；并且（iii）不违反其作为当事人一方(或受之约束)的其他任何协议，也不会导致其被认定在该协议项下违约；(e) no lawsuit, arbitration or other legal or governmental proceeding is pending or, to its knowledge, threatened against it that would affect its ability to perform its obligations under this Contract; and (e) 不存在将影响该方本合同项下履约能力的、未结的诉讼、仲裁或其他司法或行政程序，或者据其所知无人威胁将采取上述行动；并且(f) it has disclosed to Supplier all documents issued by any governmental department that may have a material adverse effect on its ability to fully perform its obligations under this Contract, and the documents previously provided by it to Supplier do not contain any misstatements or omissions of material facts. (f) 经销商已经向供应商提供可能对其全面履行其在本合同项下义务的能力造成重大不利影响的相关政府机构颁发的所有文件，并且经销商此前提供给另一方的文件中没有对任何重要事实的不实陈述或者漏述。12.2 Consequences of Inaccuracy in Representations and Warranties 12.2 陈述及担保不实的结果If any of the above representations and warranties of Distributor are not accurate in all material respects on the date hereof [or the Effective Date], then Distributor shall be in material breach of this Contract. 如果在本合同签订日〔或生效日〕经销商的上述陈述及担保的任何一项与实际情况有实质性不符，则构成经销商重大违约。13. TERM 13. 合同期限13.1 Initial Term 13.1 初始合同期限Subject to the provisions of Articles 13.2 and 14.1(b), (c) and (d), the initial term of the Contract shall be [●] years, commencing on the Effective Date. 本合同的初始期限为[·]年，于生效日开始，但可根据第13.2 条续展、及根据第 14.1（b）、（c）和（d）条终止。13.2 Extension 13.2 合同期限的续展[Choose one of the following alternatives: [选择下面一种方式:]Option (1): Automatic Expiration [选择 (1)：自动终止[The Term shall expire automatically on the Expiration Date, unless extended for an additional term of [●] years through a written agreement signed by the authorized representatives of the Parties at least [sixty (60)] days prior to the Expiration Date.] [本合同于合同期满日自动终止，除非双方授权代表在合同期满日之前至少[六十（60）]天签署书面协议续展本合同期限。]Option (2): Automatic Renewal 选择 (2)：自动续展[On the Expiration Date, the Term shall automatically renew for an additional term of [●] years, unless either Party notifies the other Party of its decision not to renew this Contract through a written notice signed by its authorized representative and delivered to the other Party at least [sixty (60)] days prior to the Expiration Date.] [于本合同的期满日，本合同期限将自动续展[·]年，除非一方在合同期满日之前至少[六十（60）]天向另一方递交经其授权代表签署的书面通知，通知另一方该方决定不再续约。]Option (3): [Client] with Option to Renew 选择 (3)：[客户]有权选择续展[[Client] shall have the option to renew this Contract through a written notice signed by its authorized representative and delivered to the other Party at least [sixty (60)] days prior to the Expiration Date. If [Client] fails to exercise its option to renew the Contract, then the Term shall expire automatically on the Expiration Date.]] [[客户]有权选择在期满日之前至少[六十（60）]天向另一方递交经其授权代表签署的书面通知，通知另一方该方决定续展合同，[续展期限与本合同原期限相同]。如果[客户]未行使其续约选择权，则本合同于合同期满日自动终止。]]14. TERMINATION 14. 合同终止14.1 Termination of Contract 14.1 合同终止(a) This Contract shall terminate upon the Expiration Date unless extended pursuant to Article 13.2. (a) 本合同于合同期满日终止，除非双方按照第13.2 条续约。(b) This Contract may be terminated at any time prior to Expiration Date by the mutual written agreement of the Parties. (b) 合同期满日之前，双方可通过书面协议随时终止本合同。(c) At any time prior to the Expiration Date, a Party (“Notifying Party”) may terminate this Contract through notice to the other Party in writing if: (c) 合同期满日之前，如果发生以下情形之一，一方(“通知方”)可随时向另一方发出书面通知后终止本合同：(i) the other Party materially breaches this Contract, and such breach is not cured within the Cure Period granted pursuant to Article 16.1(a); or (i) 另一方违反本合同某一重要义务，且未在通知方根据第16.1（a）条规定发出的书面通知中规定的补救期限内对违约予以补救；或(ii) the other Party becomes bankrupt, or is the subject of proceedings for liquidation or dissolution, or ceases to carry on business or becomes unable to pay its debts as they come due; or (ii) 另一方破产，或者成为解散或清算程序的对象，或者歇业，或者无力偿还到期债务；或(iii) the conditions or consequences of Force Majeure which have a material adverse effect on the affected Party’s ability to perform continue for a period in excess of six (6) months and the Parties have been unable to find an equitable solution pursuant to Article 17.2(c) hereof; or (iii) 不可抗力事件或其影响持续超过六（6）个月，且双方无法按照第17.2(c)条的规定达成一项公平的解决方案；或(iv) [insert other conditions triggering termination as appropriate] (iv) [根据具体情况，加入其他导致合同终止的条款](d) At any time prior to the Expiration Date, in addition to other remedies available to it under Applicable Laws and other provisions of this Contract, Supplier may terminate this Contract immediately through notice to Distributor in writing if: (d) 如果在合同期满日之前发生下列情形之一，供应商除根据相关法律和本合同其他条款的规定行使救济权之外，可随时通知经销商立即终止本合同：(i) Distributor fails to observe Articles 2.3 (Competing Products), 2.4 (Restrictions on Resale) and 2.5 (Minimum Purchases and Stocks); (i) 经销商未能遵守第2.3 条（竞争产品）、第2.4 条（转售限制）和第2.5 条（最低购买量和库存量）；(ii) ownership or control of Distributor is acquired by a person, firm or company that manufactures or sells (directly or through its Affiliates) products that compete with the Products [or there is any other material change in the ownership of Distributor that Supplier considers to be detrimental to its interests]; or (ii) 经销商的所有权或控制权被生产或销售（直接或通过其关联机构）与经销产品竞争的产品的个人、商号或公司获得[或者经销商的所有权发生其他实质性的变更，且供应商认定该变更有损于供应商的利益]；或(iii) Distributor infringes any of Supplier’s Intellectual Property Rights, including its failure to observe Article 10 (Intellectual Property). (iii) 经销商侵犯供应商的知识产权，包括未能遵守第10 条（知识产权）。14.2 No Compensation 14.2 经销商无权获得补偿The Distributor shall not be entitled to any compensation whatsoever as a result of Supplier’s termination of this Contract in accordance with this Article 14. 经销商无权因供应商根据本第14 条终止本合同而获得任何补偿。14.3 Effects of Termination 14.3 合同终止的后果Upon termination of this Contract: 本合同终止后有关事项的处理：(a) any stocks of the Products in saleable condition and in the possession of Distributor, shall be forthwith held to the order of Supplier and (if requested by Supplier) any such Products which have been paid for in full by Distributor shall be resold by Distributor to Supplier or such person as Supplier shall specify at [cost price], due allowance being made for old stock and any out of condition or unsaleable Products; (a) 可供销售并由经销商占有的任何库存产品，应由经销商替供应商占有，已由经销商全额付款的经销产品应当（如果供应商提出此要求）[以成本价]由经销商转售给供应商或者供应商所指定之人，对陈旧的存货、保存不当的经销产品或不能销售的经销产品在价格上应予以适当扣除；且(b) Distributor shall return to Supplier all documents supplied by Supplier which relate to the Products or any aspect of the business of Supplier together with all copies thereof; (b) 经销商应将所有由供应商提供的与经销产品或与供应商所有业务相关的文件及其复印件归还供应商；且(c) Distributor shall cease to represent in any way that it is an authorised distributor for the Products and shall not make any further use of any of Supplier’s Intellectual Property Rights; (c) 经销商应停止以任何方式声称自己是经销产品的经销商，不得继续使用供应商的任何知识产权；且(d) Distributor shall use its best endeavours to supply to the Company the names and addresses of: (d) 经销商尽全力向供应商提供以下所有人员/单位的名字/名称和地址：(i) all persons to whom it has sold Products [in respect of which the warranty period has not expired at the date of termination]; and (i) 经销商曾经向其销售经销产品[且产品的保质期在合同终止日尚未到期]；且(ii) all persons for whom it has undertaken repair and servicing in respect of the Products during the course of this Contract; and (ii) 曾经在本合同期限内为其实施过经销产品的维修和服务。(e) to the extent that the Contract is terminated as a result of breach by Distributor, Distributor shall (if legally possible) assign to Supplier free of charge all permissions, consents and licences (if any) relating to the marketing and sale of the Products and execute all documents and do all things necessary to ensure that Supplier shall have the benefit of such permissions, consents and licences. (e) 如果由于经销商违约导致本合同终止，经销商应（如果法律允许）向供应商免费转让所有有关经销产品营销和销售的批文、同意和许可（如有），为保证供应商可利用该批文、同意和许可，经销商应签署所有文件，及完成所有必要的程序。14.4 [Restricted Activities 14.4 经销商的行为限制In order to protect know-how transferred by Supplier to Distributor, Distributor shall not manufacture, purchase, sell or resell goods that compete with the Products from the premises used by Distributor for a period of one year after the termination of this Contract. The Distributor acknowledges that this restriction is indispensable to protect the know-how received from Supplier.] [为保护由供应商向经销商传授的专有知识，本合同终止后一年内，经销商不得在其营业场所内生产、购买、销售或转售与经销产品竞争的货物。经销商承认该限制是保护从供应商处获取的专有知识所必须的措施。]14.5 Continuing Obligations 14.5 双方持续的义务The provisions of Article 14.3 (Effects of Termination) and Article 14.4 (Restricted Activities), Article 15 (Confidentiality), Article 16 (Breach of Contract) (but only with respect to claims arising prior to the termination hereof or with respect to other continuing obligations) and Article 18 (Settlement of Disputes) shall survive the termination of this Contract. 以下各条的条款在本合同终止后继续有效：上述第14.3 条（合同终止的后果）、第14.4条（经销商的行为限制）、第15 条（保密义务）、第16 条（违约）（但其效力仅限于本合同终止前发生的违约事件以及违反其他持续义务的情形），以及第18 条（争议的解决）。15. CONFIDENTIALITY 15. 保密义务15.1 Confidentiality Obligations 15.1 保密义务From time to time prior to and during the Term either Party (“disclosing Party”) has disclosed or may disclose Confidential Information to the other Party (“receiving Party”). The receiving Party shall, during the Term and for [●] years thereafter: 本合同订立前以及在本合同期限内，一方（“披露方”）曾经或者可能不时向另一方（“接受方”）披露该方的保密资料。在本合同期限内以及随后（）年间，接受方必须：(a) maintain the confidentiality of Confidential Information; (a) 对保密资料进行保密；(b) not use Confidential Information for any purposes other than those specifically set out in this Contract; and (b) 不为除合同明确规定的目的之外的其他目的使用该保密资料；(c) not disclose any such Confidential Information to any person or entity, except to its employees or employees of its Affiliates, its agents, attorneys, accountants and other advisors who need to know such information to perform their responsibilities and who have signed written confidentiality agreements containing terms at least as stringent as the terms provided in this Article 15 (collectively "Permitted Disclosure Parties"). (c) 除为履行其职责而确有必要知悉保密资料的该方或其关联机构雇员、该方律师、会计师或其他顾问外，不向其他任何人披露；且上述人员须已签署书面保密协议，其中条款的严格程度不得低于本15 条的规定(合称“允许披露方”）。15.2 Confidentiality Exceptions 15.2 保密义务的除外规定The provisions of Article 15.1 above shall not apply to information that: 上述第15.1 条的条款对以下信息不适用：(a) can be shown to be known by the receiving Party by written records made prior to disclosure by the disclosing Party; (a) 接受方有在披露方向其披露前制作的书面记录证明其已经掌握的；(b) is or becomes public knowledge otherwise than through the receiving Party’s breach of this Contract; or (b) 目前或将来并非由于接受方违反本合同的原因而进入公共领域的；(c) was obtained by the receiving Party from a third party having no obligation of confidentiality with respect to such information. (c) 接受方从对该信息无保密义务的第三方获得的。15.3 Confidentiality Rules 15.3 保密规则Each Party shall formulate rules and regulations to inform its directors, senior staff, and other employees, and those of their Affiliates of the confidentiality obligation set forth in this Article 15. 每一方应制订相应的规章制度，告知该方（以及该方的关联机构）董事、高级职员以及其他雇员本15 条规定的保密义务。15.4 Return of Material 15.4 材料归还On the Expiration Date [or upon the disclosing Party’s request at any time], the receiving Party shall (i) return to the other Party, or at the disclosing Party’s direction destroy, all materials (including any copies thereof) embodying the other Party’s Confidential Information and (ii) certify in writing to the other Party, within ten (10) days following the other Party’s request, that all of such materials have been returned or destroyed. 在合同期满日，〔或经披露方随时提出要求〕，接受方应（i）向另一方归还（或经另一方要求销毁）包含另一方保密资料的所有材料（包括其复制件）；并且（ii）在另一方提出此项要求后十（10）日内向另一方书面保证已经归还或销毁上述材料。16. BREACH OF CONTRACT 16. 违约16.1 Remedies for Breach of Contract 16.1 违约救济措施Except as otherwise provided herein, if a Party ("breaching Party”) fails to perform any of its material obligations under this Contact or otherwise is in material breach of this Contract, then the other Party (“aggrieved Party”) may: 除本合同其他条款另有规定外，如果一方（“违约方”）未履行其在本合同项下某项主要义务或以其他方式对本合同构成重大违反，则另一方（“受损害方”）可以：(a) give written notice to the breaching Party describing the nature and scope of the breach and demand that the breaching Party cure the breach at its cost within a reasonable time specified in the notice ("Cure Period") (provided that if any representation and warranty of a Party under Article 12.1 is not true and correct in all material respects when made, or if there is a breach of Article 15, or if any event listed in Article 14.1 (d) occurs, then there shall be no Cure Period); and (a) 向违约方发出书面通知，说明违约的性质以及范围，并且要求违约方在通知中规定的合理期限内自费予以补救(“补救期”) (但是如果一方在第12.1 条项下所做的任何陈述和担保在做出时在任何实质方面不真实、不正确，或者违反第15 条的规定，则没有补救期)；且(b) if the breaching Party fails to cure the breach within the Cure Period (or, if there is none, at any time following such breach), then in addition to its other rights under Article 14.1(c)(i) or Applicable Laws, the aggrieved Party may claim direct and foreseeable damages arising from the breach. (b) 如果违约方未在补救期内予以补救（或者如果没有补救期，那么在该等违约后的任何时候），则除了14.1(c)(i)条或有关法律规定的权利之外，受损害方还可就违约引起的直接和可预见的损失提出索赔。16.2 Limitation on Liability 16.2 责任限制Notwithstanding any other provision of this Contract, [except for breach of Section 15 (Confidentiality) and breach of Section 10 (Intellectual Property Rights),] neither Party shall be liable to the other Party for damages for loss of revenues or profits, loss of goodwill or any indirect or consequential damages in connection with the performance or non-performance of this Contract. [Except for a breach of Section 15 (Confidentiality) and a breach of Section 10 (Intellectual Property Rights),] the aggregate liability of a Party for all claims for any loss, damage or indemnity whatsoever resulting from such Party’s performance or non-performance of this Contract shall in no case exceed [●] United States Dollars (US$[●]) or the RMB equivalent thereof. 无论本合同其他条款有何规定，任何一方均不向另一方承担因本合同的履行或不履行而造成的收入或利润丧失、商誉丧失或任何间接或附带性损失的赔偿责任[，但该方有违反第15条（保密义务）和第10 条（知识产权）情形的除外]。在任何情况下，一方对因本合同的履行或不履行所致的损失、损害或补偿索赔的责任累计总额不得超过[ ]美元（US$[ ]）或等值的人民币[， 但该方有违反第15 条（保密义务）和第10 条（知识产权）情形的除外]。17. FORCE MAJEURE 17. 不可抗力17.1 Definition of Force Majeure 17.1 不可抗力的定义"Force Majeure" shall mean all events which are beyond the control of the Parties to this Contract, and which are unforeseen, unavoidable or insurmountable, and which prevent total or partial performance by either of the Parties. Such events shall include earthquakes, typhoons, flood, fire, war, strikes, riots, acts of governments, changes in law or the application thereof or any other instances which cannot be foreseen, prevented or controlled, including instances which are accepted as Force Majeure in general international commercial practice. “不可抗力”指超出本合同双方控制范围、无法预见、无法避免或无法克服、使得本合同一方部分或者完全不能履行本合同的事件。这类事件包括但不限于地震、台风、洪水、火灾、战争、罢工、暴动、政府行为、法律规定或其适用的变化，或者其他任何无法预见、避免或者控制的事件，包括在国际商务实践中通常被认定为不可抗力的事件。17.2 Consequences of Force Majeure 17.2 不可抗力的后果(a) If an event of Force Majeure occurs, a Party’s contractual obligations affected by such an event under this Contract shall be suspended during the period of delay caused by the Force Majeure and shall be automatically extended, without penalty or liability, for a period equal to such suspension. (a) 如果发生不可抗力事件，一方在本合同项下受不可抗力影响的义务在不可抗力造成的延误期间自动中止，并且其履行期限应自动延长，延长期间为中止的期间，该方无须为此承担违约责任。(b) The Party claiming Force Majeure shall promptly inform the other Parties in writing and shall furnish within [fifteen (15)] days thereafter sufficient proof of the occurrence and duration of such Force Majeure. The Party claiming Force Majeure shall also use all reasonable endeavours to terminate the Force Majeure. (b) 提出受不可抗力影响的一方应及时书面通知另一方，并且在随后的[十五（15）]日内向另一方提供不可抗力发生以及持续期间的充分证据。提出受不可抗力影响的一方还应尽一切合理的努力排除不可抗力。(c) In the event of Force Majeure, the Parties shall immediately consult with each other in order to find an equitable solution and shall use all reasonable endeavours to minimize the consequences of such Force Majeure. (c) 发生不可抗力，双方应立即进行磋商，寻求一项公正的解决方案，并且要尽一切合理的努力将不可抗力的影响降至最小。18. SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES 18. 争议的解决18.1 Friendly Consultations 18.1 友好协商In the event of any dispute, controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this Contract, or the breach, termination or invalidity hereof ("dispute"), the Parties shall attempt in the first instance to resolve such dispute through friendly consultations. 如果发生由本合同（或其违反、终止或无效）引起或与之相关的任何争议、纠纷或者索赔（ “争议”），双方应首先争取通过友好协商来解决争议。18.2 Arbitration 18.2 仲裁[Choose one of the following two alternatives: [选择以下两种方式之一 ]Either Option (1): CIETAC Rules [选择（1） 中国国际经济贸易委员会仲裁(a) In the event such dispute is not resolved through consultations within [sixty (60)] days after the date such consultations were first requested in writing by a Party, then any Party may submit the dispute for arbitration in [Beijing] before the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission ("CIETAC") in accordance with CIETAC Arbitration Rules then in force, and as amended by this Article 18.2 ("Arbitration Rules"). (a) 如果某一争议未在一方首次书面提出进行磋商之日后六十(60)日内通过友好协商解决，则任何一方可将该争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(“贸仲会”)在[北京]按照当时有效的贸仲会仲裁程序规则（并由本第18.2 条规定作为修订）(“仲裁规则”)进行仲裁。(b) The arbitration tribunal shall consist of three arbitrators, one appointed by each Party and, if either of the Parties fails to appoint an arbitrator within the time specified in the Arbitration Rules, the Chairman of CIETAC shall make such appointment, taking into consideration the criteria set out in this Article 18.2. (b) 仲裁庭应由三名仲裁员组成，其中双方各指定一名，如果任何一方不能在仲裁规则具体规定的时间内指定一名仲裁员，贸仲会主任将参考本合同第18.2 条载明的标准指定仲裁员。(c) A third arbitrator (the "Presiding Arbitrator") shall be appointed by agreement between the Parties in accordance with the provisions of Articles 18.2 (d) and (e) below, and, if the Parties fail to jointly appoint the Presiding Arbitrator within the time specified in the Arbitration Rules, the Chairman of CIETAC shall make such appointment, taking into consideration the criteria set out in this Article 18.2. (c) 第三名仲裁员（“首席仲裁员”）应由双方协议指定，且如双方在仲裁规则规定的具体时间内仍未能达成该协议确定第三名仲裁员，则贸仲会主任应参考本合同第18.2条载明的标准指定该仲裁员。(d) No arbitrator may be a national of (i) the PRC or (ii) [home country of Party B]. (d) 任何一名仲裁员都不应具有(i)具有中华人民共和国国籍；或(ii)[乙方所在国国籍](e) The Presiding Arbitrator (and any successor or replacement appointee in place of any Presiding Arbitrator initially appointed) shall, unless otherwise agreed in writing by the Parties, be a national of one of the following countries: (e) 首席仲裁员（及其继任者或任何代替原先指定担任首席仲裁员的人选）应具有以下任一国籍：(i) Australia; (ii) Belgium; (i) 澳大利亚(ii) 比利时(iii) Canada; (iv) New Zealand; (iii) 加拿大(iv) 新西兰(v) Sweden; (vi) Switzerland; (v) 瑞典(vi) 瑞士(vii) The Netherlands; or (viii) The United Kingdom. (vii) 荷兰(viii) 英国(f) The arbitration proceedings shall be conducted in the English language. (f) 仲裁程序应当以英语进行。(g) All costs of arbitration (including but not limited to arbitration fees, costs of arbitrators and legal fees and disbursements) shall be borne by the losing party, unless otherwise determined by the arbitration tribunal. (g) 所有仲裁费用（包括但不限于仲裁费、仲裁员费用和法定费用和支出）应由败诉方承担，除非仲裁庭另有决定。(h) The provisions of Chapter III of the Arbitration Rules (concerning summary procedure) are excluded, regardless of whether the total amount of the claim amounts to RMB 500,000. (h) 无论赔偿请求是否总计达人民币500，000，贸仲会仲裁规则第三章条款（关于简易程序）在尽可能允许范围内排除适用。][NB: This clause could be considered to be a variation to the CIETAC Rules. Article 7 of the CIETAC Rules states that variations to the Rules are subject to consent by the Arbitration Commission]. [注：本条内容可能被认定为对贸仲会仲裁规则的变更。贸仲会仲裁规则第7 条规定变更仲裁规则应获得仲裁委员会的同意。]Or Option (2): SIAC Rules [选择（2） 新加坡国际仲裁中心仲裁(a) In the event the dispute is not resolved through consultations within [sixty (60)] days after the date such consultations were first requested in writing by a Party, then any Party may submit the dispute to Singapore International Arbitration Centre ("SIAC") for arbitration in Singapore in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the SIAC then in force, and as amended by this Article 18.2 ("Arbitration Rules"). (a) 如果某一争议未在一方首次书面提出进行协商之日后[六十(60)]日内通过友好协商解决，则任何一方可将该争议提交新加坡国际仲裁中心(“仲裁中心”)在[新加坡]按照当时有效的仲裁中心仲裁程序规则（并根据本第18.2 条作出修订）(“仲裁规则”)进行仲裁。(b) The tribunal shall consist of [one] [three] arbitrator(s) to be appointed by the Chairman of the SIAC. (b) 仲裁庭应由仲裁中心主任指定的[一][三]名仲裁员组成。(c) The language of the arbitration shall be English.] (c) 仲裁应用[英语]进行。]18.3 Procedural Compliance 18.3 遵守程序性规定The Parties undertake: 双方保证：(a) to comply strictly with the time limits specified in the Arbitration Rules for the taking of any step or the performance of any act in or in connection with any arbitration; and (a) 在任何仲裁或与仲裁相关的任何活动中采取任何步骤或实施的任何行为都必须严格遵守相关仲裁规则具体规定的时间限制；且(b) to comply with and to carry out, in full and without delay, any procedural orders (including, without limitation to, any interim measures of protection ordered) or any award (interim or final) made by the arbitral tribunal. (b) 全面地、无迟延地遵守并执行所有程序性决定（包括但不限于任何临时保全措施）或任何由仲裁庭做出的任何（临时或终局）裁决。18.4 Enforcement of Award 18.4 裁决的执行Each of the Parties irrevocably: 各方不可撤销地：(a) agrees that any arbitral award shall be final and binding; (a) 一致同意仲裁裁决是终局的，并对双方具有拘束力；(b) undertakes that it will execute and perform the arbitral award fully and without delay. In the event of judicial acceptance and an order of enforcement, each party expressly waives all rights to object thereto, including any defense of sovereign immunity and any other defense based on the fact or allegation that it is an agency or instrumentality of a sovereign state; and (b) 保证其将全面地毫无迟延地签署并履行仲裁裁决。在法院对仲裁裁决予以司法承认并发布强制执行令的情况下，双方明确放弃其提出异议的所有权利，包括任何以主权豁免为由提出的抗辩事由以及任何基于其是一个主权国家的机构或部门的事实或主张而提出的其他抗辩事由；且 (c) waives any rights which it may have to contest the validity of the arbitration agreement set forth in this Article or the jurisdiction of the relevant arbitration institution to hear and to determine any arbitration begun pursuant to this Article 18. (c) 放弃其所拥有的对本条规定的仲裁协议有效性提出异议或对相关仲裁机构对本案进行审理并做出裁决的管辖权提出异议的任何权利。When any dispute occurs and is the subject of friendly consultations or arbitration, the Parties shall continue to exercise their remaining respective rights and fulfil their remaining respective obligations under this Contract, except in respect of those matters under dispute. 当某一争议发生并且正在通过友好协商或仲裁解决时，双方应继续行使其各自在本合同项下的其他权利，同时继续履行其各自在本合同项下的其他义务，但与争议事项有关的权利和义务除外。18.5 Injunctive Relief 18.5 禁令救济Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Parties agree that each Party has the right to seek temporary or permanent injunctive or other similar relief in any court or other authority of competent jurisdiction in respect of any claims of breach of confidentiality or IPR infringement or for an order of specific performance or other injunctive relief as permitted under Applicable Laws. 无论本合同前述条款有何规定，双方同意每一方均有权就任何违反保密义务或知识产权侵权的主张向任何一个有管辖权的法院或其他机关寻求临时或永久禁令或其他类似的救济措施，或申请实际履行的执行令或其他相关法律允许的禁令救济。18.6 Governing Law 18.6 适用法律The validity, interpretation and implementation of this Contract shall be governed by the laws of [the People’s Republic of China][[another jurisdiction] (without regard to its rules governing conflict of laws)]. 本合同的效力、解释以及执行适用[中华人民共和国法律][[另一司法区域]的法律（该司法区域有关法律冲突的规则不适用）]。19. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS 19. 其他规定19.1 Independent Contractor Relationship 19.1 合同双方之间的独立关系The Parties are only establishing a vendor-purchaser relationship with each other by entering into this Contract. Nothing in this Contract shall be construed or implied as: 合同双方签订本合同仅仅在他们之间产生独立合同关系。本合同任何条款均不得被解释为：(a) establishing between the Parties hereto any partnership or any other form of relationship entailing joint liability; (a) 在合同双方之间形成合伙关系或其他导致共同责任的关系；(b) constituting either of the Parties hereto as the agent of the other Party (except with the other Party’s prior written consent); or (b) 使任何一方成为另一方的代理人（另一方事先书面同意的除外）；(c) authorizing either Party to incur any expenses or any other form of obligation on behalf of the other Party (except with the other Party’s prior written consent). (c) 授权一方为另一方招致费用或其他任何形式的义务（另一方事先书面同意的除外）。19.2 Binding Effect 19.2 合同约束力的范围This Contract is made for the benefit of the Parties hereto and their respective lawful successors and assignees and is legally binding on them. 本合同对本合同双方以及该方合法的继受者和受让人有法律约束力。19.3 Amendment 19.3 修改This Contract shall not be changed verbally, but only by a written instrument signed by the Parties. 本合同不得以口头方式修改，而须经双方签署书面文件后方可修改。19.4 Mutual Agreement of the Parties 19.4 合同双方共同协商的结果THE PARTIES DECLARE THAT THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CONTRACT REFLECT THE RESULTS OF THEIR COMMERCIAL NEGOTIATIONS CONDUCTED IN GOOD FAITH AND THAT NONE OF THE PROVISIONS HEREOF CONSTITUTES THE STANDARD TERMS OF EITHER PARTY. DISTRIBUTOR ACKNOWLEDGES THAT IT HAS REVIEWED AND UNDERSTANDS THE PROVISIONS OF THIS CONTRACT AND HAS RECEIVED SATISFACTORY EXPLANATIONS AS TO ANY ISSUE RAISED BY IT IN RESPECT THEREOF. 本合同双方确认本合同的条款体现双方本着诚信原则谈判的结果，本合同的条款不构成任一方的标准条款。经销商承认其已经审阅并理解本合同的条款且已经就相关条款的任何疑问得到满意的解释。19.5 No Publicity 19.5 合同内容保密The existence of this Contract, as well as its contents, shall be deemed to fall within the scope of Confidential Information and subject to Article 15, and shall not be disclosed in whole or in part to any person or entity, except (i) to Permitted Disclosure Parties, (ii) to authorized securities regulators or exchanges in accordance with Applicable Laws or the relevant rules of the securities exchange to which the Party in question is subject, (iii) to officials in relevant government departments pursuant to the requirements of Applicable Laws, (iv) in order to fulfil any conditions precedent to the effectiveness of this Contract or (v) for the purpose of the performance by a Party of its obligations or exercise of its rights hereunder or relating hereto. 各方应对本合同的存在及其内容当作本合同规定的保密资料，并根据本合同第15 条规定加以保护，合同双方不得向任何人或实体予以全部或部分披露，但向以下各方的披露的除外：(i) 向允许披露方披露；(ii)向依据有关法律或该方为规制对象的证券交易所规则，获得授权的市场监管官员或交易所披露；(iii)依据有关法律向有关政府机构的官员披露；(iv)为了满足本合同的生效条件；或者(v)一方为履行其于本合同项下或与本合同相关的义务或行使其于本合同项下或与本合同相关的权利。19.6 No Solicitation 19.6 禁止招揽另一方雇员Neither Party shall, during the Term or within one (1) year after the Expiration Date, directly solicit for employment the other Party’s personnel who are engaged in the performance of this Contract without the prior written consent of the other Party. 在本合同有效期内以及合同期满日后一（1）年内，任何一方均不得直接向另一方参与本合同执行的雇员发出招聘要约，经另一方书面同意的除外。19.7 Notices 19.7 通知(a) Any notice or written communication provided for in this Contract by either Party to the other, including but not limited to any and all offers, writings, or notices to be given hereunder, shall be made in [language] and delivered: (a) 本合同规定一方向另一方发出的通知或书面函件（包括但不限于本合同项下所有要约、书面文件或通知）均应以[语言]制作，并通过以下方式送达相应一方：(i) by hand; (i) 当面递交；或(ii) by courier service delivered letter; or (ii) 专递信函；或(iii) by facsimile. (iii) 传真。(b) Notices shall be deemed to have been delivered at the following times: (b) 在以下时间通知被视为已经送达：(i) if by hand, on reaching the designated address and subject to return receipt or other proof of delivery; (i) 如果以当面递交方式送达，送达指定地址并签署回执或其他送达证明；(ii) if by courier, the [fifth] Business Day after the date of dispatch; and (ii) 如果是以专递信函方式送达，为递交日后的第[五] 个营业日；且(iii) if by fax, upon the next Business Day following the date marked on the confirmation of transmission report by the sender’s fax machine, indicating completed uninterrupted transmission to the relevant facsimile number. (iii) 如果是以传真的方式送达，为发送传真方的传真机发送的报告确认书（表明已向相关传真号码发送完整的、未中断的传真）上标记的日期后的下一个营业日。(c) During the Term, each Party may change its particulars for receipt of notices at any time by notice given to the other Party in accordance with this Article 19.7. (c) 在合同期限内，一方可随时根据第19.7(a)条规定通知另一方变更通知送达地址。Distributor: 经销商：[mailing address] [经销商]People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国Facsimile No: 传真号码：Attention: 收件人：Supplier: 供应商：[mailing address] [邮址]Facsimile No: 传真号码：Attention: 收件人：19.8 Waiver 19.8 不放弃权利Either Party’s failure to exercise or delay in exercising any right, power or privilege under this Contract shall not operate as a waiver thereof, and any single or partial exercise of any right, power or privilege shall not preclude the exercise of any other right, power or privilege. 如果一方未行使或延迟行使其在本合同项下的某项权利，不构成该方对此项权利的放弃，如果该方已经行使或者部分行使某项权利，并不妨碍其在将来再次行使此项权利。19.9 Assignability 19.9 可转让性The Distributor may not assign in whole or in part any of its rights hereunder or any rights arising from any individual order for the purchase of the Products without the prior written consent of Supplier. The Supplier shall be entitled to assign in whole or in part any of its obligations hereunder or arising from any individual order for the purchase of the Products to any of its Affiliates or suppliers solely upon written notice to Distributor, provided that Supplier shall remain fully liable for the performance of such obligations. 未经供应商事先书面同意，经销商不得部分或全部转让本合同项下的权利，也不得转让由单个订单产生的任何权利。供应商以书面通知经销商，可将本合同项下的全部或部分义务或由单个订单产生的任何义务转让给其任何关联机构或供货商，但是供应商应该继续对其合同项下义务的履行负责。19.10 Severability 19.10 可分割性The invalidity of any provision of this Contract shall not affect the validity of any other provision of this Contract. 本合同某一条款的无效不影响本合同其他条款的效力。19.11 Entire Agreement 19.11 全部合同This Contract and the Schedules and Annexes hereto constitute the entire agreement between the Parties hereto with respect to the subject matter of this Contract and supersede all prior discussions, negotiations and agreements between them, including, the [Memorandum of Understanding between [●] and [●] dated [●]] the [Letter of Intent between [●] and [●] dated [●]] [refer to all MOUs, LOIs previously signed] 本合同及其附录和附件构成双方就本合同标的达成的全部协议，并且取代双方之间此前就该标的进行的所有磋商、谈判以及达成的协议。19.12 Further Endeavours 19.12 进一步努力A Party shall, at any time, upon the request of the other Party, execute or procure the execution of such documents, agreements, contracts or deeds and do or procure the doing of such acts and things as may be [reasonably] necessary to give full effect to the provisions of this Contract. 在使本合同条款具有完全的效力的[合理]必要范围内，应另一方随时要求，一方应签署（或促使第三方签署）有关文件、协议、合同、契据并实施（或促使第三方实施）相关行为。19.13 Costs 19.13 费用Save as otherwise provided in this Contract, each Party shall bear its own legal and other professional costs in relation to the preparation, negotiation and entry into of this Contract. 除本合同中另有约定，每一方应承担与本合同的制作、磋商及订立相关的该方律师或其他专业顾问费用。19.14 Schedules and Annexes 19.14 附录以及附件The Schedules and Annexes hereto are made an integral part of this Contract and are equally binding with the main body of the Contract. In the event of any conflict between the terms and provisions of the main body of the Contract and the Schedules or Annexes, the terms and provisions of the main body of this Contract shall prevail. 本合同的附录以及附件为本合同不可分割的部分，并且与本合同正文的条款具有同等效力。如果本合同正文的条款与附录以及附件的条款有冲突，以本合同正文条款为准。19.15 Language 19.15 文本This Contract is executed in the Chinese language in [●] ([●]) originals and in the English language in [●] ([●]) originals. Both language versions shall be equally authentic. 本合同中文正本[ ]份，英文正本[ ]份。两种文本具有同等效力。IN WITNESS WHEREOF, each of the Parties hereto has caused this Contract to be executed by its duly authorized representative on the date first set forth above. 双方已于本合同首页所载日期通过其正式授权的代表签订本合同，以资证明。[Distributor name] [Supplier name] [经销商名称] [供应商名称]By: ____________________ By: ____________________ 签署： ____________________ 签署： ____________________Name: [Distributor rep name] Name: [Supplier rep name] 姓名： [经销商代表姓名] 姓名 [供应商代表姓名]Title: [Distributor rep position] Title: [Supplier rep position] 职务： [经销商代表职务] 职务： [供应商代表职务]Nationality: [Chinese] Nationality: [Supplier rep nationality] 国籍： 中国 国籍： [供应商代表国籍]  

和 *****************************CO., LTD. **********公司 AND 之 IMPORT AGENT SERVICE AGREEMENT 委托代理进口协议 2009/1/8 进口代理协议书 IMPORT SERVICE AGREEMENT 甲方： 乙方：***公司 *******Co.,Ltd

技术引进合同 （中英文对照） 前言 本合同于_______在_______签订。 一方为_______，以下简称甲方。 一方为_______，以下简称乙方。 鉴于乙方拥有合同产品生产的专有技术，并有权和愿意向南方技术有限公司转让该项技术。 鉴于南方技术有限公司希望利用乙方拥有的专有技术，以生产销售和出口合同产品。 甲方受南方技术有限公司委托，由甲方同乙方经过友好协商，同意按下列条件及条款签订本专有技术合同。本合同由南方技术有限公司与乙方执行。 第一章 定 义 1．1 “专有技术”， 原指生产合同产品，甲方所需要的乙方所拥有和提供的全部生产技术及加工工艺。该生产技术和加工工艺包括全部设计、制造、操作图纸及技术资料、制造工艺、生产程序和生产技术细节。 1．2 “合同产品”， 指SIO2和ITO镀膜导电玻璃产品，该产品符合本合同附件一所规定的技术条件和技术标准。也即甲方按照乙方提供的专有技术及设备进行制造和生产的产品。 1．3 “技术资料”， 指制造合同产品所需要的全部“专有技术”， 以及乙方在生产合同产品的过程中，所使用的全部有关设计和制造图纸，加工技术和工艺文件等资料。具体内容及要求详见本合同附件二。 1．4 “考核产品”， 指甲方用乙方提供的专有技术和专用设备所生产和制造合同产品。该产品经过严整符合并且达到本合同附件一所规定的技术条件和技术标准。 1．5 “工艺文件”，指生产合同产品所需要的全部加工方法、加工手段、工艺过程卡片、工艺图纸、工序卡片等全套资料。具体内容详见本合同附件二。 1．6 “工艺守则”，指生产合同产品的全部生产和加工过程所必须遵循的原则。 第二章 合同内同和范围 2.1 乙方同意向甲方转让，甲方同意从乙方取得合同产品的专有技术。甲方采用乙方的专有技术和主要设备，能够在甲方工厂生产出合格的合同产品。其产品规格、型号、产量及技术条件和技术标准详见本合同附件一。 2．2 乙方向甲方提供在甲方工厂生产合同产品的全部完整工艺文件和资料，能正确知道合同产品的生产。详见本合同附件二。 2．3 乙方在提供技术资料的同时，还要提供全部技术标准。 2．4 乙方向甲方提供用于在甲方工厂生产合同产品的全部专有技术资料必须是完整的技术资料。 2．5 乙方在向甲方提供技术的同时，并为甲方提供和选择生产合同产品所必须的关键设备。这些设备的具体压迫求和规格详见“设备引进合同”。设备合同的交付规定和交付办法，按设备合同的规定执行。详见“生产设备引进合同”。 2．6 为了保证合同产品的生产，乙方同意甲方采用部分中国国产设备，和乙方选择提供的设备配套共同生产合同产品。详见本合同附件三。 2．7 乙方按照本合同附件四所规定的条件和要求，在乙方工厂为甲方培训技术人员，以保证所培训的人员能够掌握这些专有技术，生产合同产品。 2．8 乙方按合同附件五所规定的条件，排泄称职的专家到甲方工厂进行技术指导、技术服务。 第三章 价 格 3．1 按第二章所规定的合同内容和玩味，乙方所提供的合同产品的专有技术包括工厂设计图纸，全部制造图纸，工艺文件，技术服务和技术培训等的全部资料总价格为140，000美元。其中技术转让费为105，000美元，考察培训费为35，000美元。 3．2 上述合同的价格为固定价格，包括本合同第二章所规定的全部技术资料运抵深圳费用。该价格包括乙方在本合同中所承担的其他义务的全部费用在内。 3．3 本合同内的一切费用均以美元计算和结算。 3．4 设备引进合同的总价格为一百一十四万六千美元。其具体执行办法按设备合同的规定执行。

合同翻译常用句型和词汇 This contract is made in two originals that should be held by each party. 此合同一式二份，由双方各持一正本。  What is?left unmentioned?in contract may be added there as an appendix. 本合同未尽事宜，可由双方增补作为合同附件。  The Contract is?written in quadruplicate (two for original and copy respectively)?which shall become valid on the date of signature. 本合同一式四份（正副本各两份）自签署后生效  This Contract is executed in two counterparts each in Chinese and English, each of which shall be deemed equally authentic. This contract is in 2 copies effective since being signed/sealed by both parties. 本合同为中英文两种文本，两种文本具有同等效力。本合同一式两份。自双方签字（盖章）之日起生效。  This contract is made by and between the buyers and sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned Commodities according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 本合同由买卖双方签订，根据本合同条款，买方同意购买，卖方同意出售以下产品。  ? ?   1. 详细货物清单 Detail supply list 2. 合同价格 Contract value 序号 item 型号 model 尺寸 size， dimension 数量 amount， unit 单价 unit price 总价 total price 备注 remark 货物，运费 freight， transportation 合同总额（含安装费与税金） Contract amount incl. VAT & installation 3. 付款条件 payment conditions， payment terms 4. 交货地点 delivery place 5. 发货期 delivery time 6. 安装条款 installation clause 7. 验收条款 inspection clause 8. 保证条款 guarantee clause 9. 不可抗拒条款 Force Majeure Clause 10. 违约条款 Breach clause 11. 其他条款 Miscellaneous clause 12. 买卖双方信息 buyer and seller information a long-term contract 长期合同 a short-term contract 短期合同 completion of contract 完成合同 contract for future delivery 期货合同 contract for goods 订货合同 contract for purchase 采购合同 contract for service 劳务合同 labor contract? 劳动合同

DATED 2002 ［日期］ [CONTRACT NAME] ［合同名称］ -by and between- 合同双方 [PARTY A NAME] PARTY A ［甲方名称］ -and- 与 [PARTY B NAME] PARTY B ［乙方名称］